<p>Ghirardelli Square is a landmark public square with shops and restaurants and a 5-star hotel in the Fisherman&#39;s Wharf area of San Francisco, California. A portion of the area was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as Pioneer Woolen Mills and D. Ghirardelli Company.</p><br>
<p>The square once featured over 40 specialty shops and restaurants. Some of the original shops and restaurants still occupy the square.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1893, Domenico Ghirardelli purchased the entire city block in order to make it into the headquarters of the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company. In the early 1960s, the Ghirardelli Chocolate Company was bought by the Golden Grain Macaroni Company which moved the headquarters off-site to San Leandro and put the square up for sale.</p><br>
<p>San Franciscan William M. Roth and his mother, Lurline Matson Roth, bought the land in 1962 to prevent the square from being replaced with an apartment building. The Roths hired landscape architect Lawrence Halprin and the firm Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons to convert the square and its historic brick structures to an integrated restaurant and retail complex, the first major adaptive re-use project in the United States. It opened in 1964.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, Benjamin Thompson and Associates renovated the lower floor of the Clock Tower, keeping the existing architectural elements, for a Design Research store. The lower floors of the Clock Tower are now home to Ghirardelli Square&#39;s main chocolate shop.</p><br>
<p>In order to preserve Ghirardelli Square for future generations, the Pioneer Woolen Mills and D. Ghirardelli Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, part of the former clock tower building opened as Fairmont Heritage Place hotel. The hotel includes 53 residence-style rooms spanning four floors, and offers fractional ownership opportunities for all 53 of its hotel rooms. It is one of the few 5-star hotels in the Fisherman&#39;s Wharf area.</p><br>
<h2>Important Dates</h2><br>
<p>1817: Domenico “Domingo” Ghirardelli is born in 1817 in Rapallo, Italy</p><br>
<p>1837: Domingo Ghirardelli meets his first wife. He leaves for Uruguay when he is 20 because he wants to partake in the South American chocolate trade. He sails around Cape Horn to Peru where he becomes a coffee and chocolate merchant</p><br>
<p>1838: He opens a confectionery story next to James Lick’s cabinet shop</p><br>
<p>1847/1848: James Lick took 600 pounds of Ghirardelli’s chocolate to San Francisco</p><br>
<p>1849: Ghirardelli came to San Francisco after his first wife passes away. He remarries to Carmen Alvarado. He opens a general store in which he sells mustard, coffee, spices, and chocolate. He then opens a store on Kearny at Washington with Girard. Mrs. Ghirardelli & Company is born when Domingo’s wife decides to join him as a business partner. Ghirardelli then opens a tent store in nearby Stockton (Jamestown-Sonora area). This business proves to be so successful that Domingo decides to open a second store and hotel in San Francisco on the corner of</p><br>
<p>1851: A major fire destroys his business so he begins to rebuild.</p><br>
<p>1852 - 1895: The Ghirardelli Chocolate Factory takes over the location on North Point Street. This is where the current location of the factory and square is. The factory was located on four different sites before then.</p><br>
<p>1856: The store that established the Ghirardelli’s name was located on Jackson Street</p><br>
<p>1889: Domingo Ghirardelli officially signs off ownership to his sons</p><br>
<p>1892: At the age of 75, Domingo retires.</p><br>
<p>1893: An entire block of property is purchased for their headquarters which overlooked the San Francisco Bay.</p><br>
<p>1894: Domingo goes home to Rapallo, Italy and passes away.</p><br>
<p>1915: The Ghirardelli square is born</p><br>
<p>1960s: buys Ghirardelli Chocolate and relocates to. The people of San Francisco wanted to save the property so and his Mother Lurline Matson Roth purchase the entire Ghirardelli block. Roth evolves the old factory. It was officially opened on November 29, 1964.</p><br>
<p>1964: The square is reopened. It is also considered the first successful adaptive reuse project in the country.</p><br>
<p>1965: The square is declared an official city landmark by the city of San Francisco. Benjamin Thompson and Associates renovate the lower floor of the Clock Tower, keeping the existing architectural elements, for a Design Research store. The lower floors of the Clock Tower is now home to Ghirardelli Square&#39;s main chocolate shop.</p><br>
<p>1982: Ghirardelli Square is granted which ensures the preservation of the square for the future.</p><br>
<p>2011: takes over as Ghirardelli’s CEO in May</p><br>
<p>2013: Jamestown purchases Ghirardelli Square</p><br>
<h2>TV</h2><br>
<p>In 1973, Harem. Ricky Nelson played William T. Billy Jeffers.</p><br>
<h2>Architects</h2><br>
<p>Lawrence Halprin and William Wurster were architects of Ghirardelli Square.</p><br>
<h2>Current Stores On The Square</h2><br>
<p>Convict Lake is a lake in the Sherwin Range of the Sierra Nevada in California, United States. It is known for its fishing and the dramatic mountains  that surround the lake. Its surface lies at an elevation of 7,850 ft.</p><br>
<p>The lake, known to the Paiute as Wit-sa-nap, was renamed by white settlers after an incident on September 23, 1871, where a group of convicts escaped from prison in Carson City. A posse, from Benton, led by Deputy Sheriff George Hightower, encountered the convicts near the head of what is now Convict Creek. Posse member Robert Morrison, a Benton merchant and Wells Fargo Agent, was killed in the encounter, and Mount Morrison was named after him. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Convict Lake is known for its fishing, including Rainbow trout, German brown trout, and a species of sucker fish. Due to the high demand of fishing in the lake and stream, the lake is stocked once a week during the summer with rainbow trout, supplied by nearby hatcheries. There is a three-mile trail for hiking around the lake and a trail that connects the lake to the Sierra Crest.</p><br>
<h2>1990 drownings</h2><br>
<p>In February 1990, Convict Lake was the site of a major drowning. Twelve teenagers and two counselors from a nearby camp were on a holiday outing at Convict Lake. At least four teenagers and both adults fell through the thin ice and into the water. By the time the first rescuer arrived on the scene, only one teenager had been able to pull himself out of the water, but the other teenagers were no longer in sight, having apparently already drowned. In all, three teenagers from Camp O&#39;Neal, an institution for juvenile delinquents located near Whitmore Hot Springs, and four would-be rescuers drowned in the freezing water. Another youth and a volunteer fire chief were rescued. Shortly before their deaths, the youths were warned that the ice was too thin to support their weight but failed to heed the warning.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the drownings, Camp O&#39;Neal was investigated and subsequently shut down due to findings of abuse and neglect.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>The 1951 film The Secret of Convict Lake was largely based on the events that occurred at the lake in 1871.</p><br>
<p>According to the narrative included with the movie How the West Was Won, Convict Lake was in the opening scenes.</p><br>
<p>The lake was the filming location for several scenes in the 1998 film Star Trek: Insurrection.</p><br>
<p>It was used in an advertisement for Nature Valley granola bars in 2007.</p><br>
<p>An image of Convict lake was used in a CG background for a cartoon demonstration on MythBusters.</p><br>
<p>The westerners The Border Legion (1924) and Nevada Smith (1966) were filmed here.</p><br>
<p>Bahía Drake  is a small bay on the north side of the Osa Peninsula on the coast of southwestern Costa Rica.</p><br>
<p>This bay is believed to be a port used by Sir Francis Drake in the 16th century and the location of one of the British pirate&#39;s fabled hidden treasures.</p><br>
<p>The main town of Bahía Drake is Agujitas and has a population of about 1,000 residents. The bay is off the beaten track and can be reached by plane, boat, and car (ideally a 4x4 vehicle) during the dry season. Because of lack of bridges, driving to Bahía Drake is challenging and not recommended for visitors. There are many kilometers of unpaved road and multiple river crossings required to reach Drake Bay. There are kilometers of natural coastline with rocky crags and sandy coves that extend from Agujitas, where the village of Bahía Drake is located southward toward the boundary of Corcovado National Park about 20 kilometers to the south. Most of the eco lodges are located along the beach. The town of Bahía Drake has a medical clinic opened during week days, except for national holidays, a school, a few grocery stores, a gift shop, and several restaurants and bars.</p><br>
<p>The main feature of Bahia Drake is Corcovado National Park hiking and Caño Island snorkeling/diving. Corcovado National Park occupies about a third of the peninsula. The preservation of forest and wildlife in the area has been made a priority by the Costa Rican government through the efforts of MINAE.</p><br>
<p>Bahía Drake has been accessible only by sea until recently and so it remains mainly a low-land tropical rainforest. Since about 1990, eco-tourism has been the principal economy of the area including sport fishing</p><br>
<p>Forestiere Underground Gardens Located at 5021 West Shaw Avenue in Fresno, California are an unusual manmade creation built by Baldasare Forestiere, an immigrant from Sicily, over a period of 40 years from 1906 to until his death in 1946. It is operated by members of the Forestiere family through the Forestiere Historical Center, and can be considered a spectacular and unconventional example of vernacular architecture.</p><br>
<p>The catalyst for the construction of the underground abode was a result of the hot summers typical of the Fresno area. The inspiration lends itself to ancient Roman catacombs that Baldasare was infatuated with in his youth. Countless hours were spent excavating the hardpan layer that cements much of Fresno’s soil to create his underground home. It had a summer bedroom, a winter bedroom, a bath, a functional kitchen, a fish pond, and a parlor with a fireplace. Interspersed amongst the beautiful stone walls and archways are grottoes and courtyards that allow for pockets of light. The intricate pathways were created section by section, over a span of 10 acres, without the aid of blueprints.</p><br>
<h2>Dimensions</h2><br>
<p>There are three levels within this underground structure:</p><br>
<p>Level One: 10 feet deep</p><br>
<p>Level Two: 20 feet deep</p><br>
<p>Level Three: 23 feet deep</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The gardens, while subterranean, have many skylights and catchbasins for water. The dirt that was moved to create the large structure was utilized elsewhere to fill planters, create stones placed within the catacombs, and to level out other parts of the land. The pathways and rooms were constructed with various widths to help direct airflow by creating pressure as it moves through narrower portions and maintain movement as it bounces off the slants and curves of the cavernous walls. The conical skylights allow for the hot air to be pushed out more quickly and the cool air to remain below.</p><br>
<h2>Horticulture</h2><br>
<p>The plants and trees, some of which are over 100 years old, are protected, by virtue of construction, from the frost in the winter months. Each level was planted at different times, so they bloom in succession, in order to lengthen the growing season. It houses a variety of fruit ranging from citrus and berries to exotic fruits like the kumquat, loquat, and jujube. The trees have been grafted to bear more than one kind of fruit, allowing for a larger variety to be grown throughout the space. Trees and vines were also planted above the dwelling, acting as insulation and forming canopies that provide protection from the elements.</p><br>
<h2>Designations</h2><br>
<p>It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is registered as No. 916 on the list of California Historical Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>Culpepper Island is a tiny rock  in the Atlantic Ocean close to Bayfield and Ragged Point in Saint Philip, Barbados.</p><br>
<p>The island is uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>It is quite possible to wade out to Culpepper Island from the mainland during low tide as it is only about 30 meters away, but discretion must be used, as Culpepper is on the turbulent Atlantic Ocean side of Barbados. Further, the rocky footing can also be dangerous to walk on. Visitors are well advised to bear in mind that the East Point Lighthouse at a nearby location was built to save ships from the dangers of this same turbulent coastline.</p><br>
<p>On 12 March 2006 members of the region&#39;s indigenous Lokono-Arawak and Karifuna-Carib tribes have attempted to make a claim on Culpepper Island to be their own. They stated that they were descendants of Princess Marian, daughter of the last Hereditary Lokono-Arawak Chief Amorotahe Haubariria (Flying Harpy Eagle) of the Eagle Clan Lokono-Arawaks who is buried in the Westbury Cemetery in Barbados.http://www.pantribalconfederacy.com/confederacy/reclamation/</p><br>
<p>Achairn Burn, known also as Haster Burn, is one of the major tributaries of Wick River, in Caithness, in the Highland area of Scotland. The burn&#39;s source is in headwaters flowing from the northern slope of the Hill of Toftgunn, which rises to over 170 metres, and in Camster Loch, which is at nearly 120 metres, between the Hill of Toftgunn and Ballharn Hill. The same area feeds also another major tributary of Wick River, the Camster/Rowans-Strath Burn. Achairn Burn enters Wick River at Mary Ford, about 10 kilometres to the northeast of the burn&#39;s source. Its entire course is within Caithness, as is the whole of the catchment basin of Wick River.</p><br>
<p>Between its source and Maryford the burn&#39;s course describes a sort of reversed S-shape, flowing generally north, then turning east and east/southeast before turning north again. On its banks the burn has Upper Achairn, Lower Achairn, Puldagon, and Haster. Between Upper Achairn and Lower Achairn the burn receives water from Allt Beag-airighe (Burn of the Small Shieling). In the Puldagon area it is bridged by a small, single-track road linking the A882 road, near the Bridge of Haster, with the A99 road in the Thrumster area. The Bridge of Haster carries the A882 itself, about 3 kilometres west of Wick and about one kilometre south of Maryford.</p><br>
<h2>Grid references</h2><br>
<p>Grid references are generally in order from source to Maryford:</p><br>
<p>* Hill of Toftgunn:</p><br>
<p>* Ballharn Hill:</p><br>
<p>* Camster Loch:</p><br>
<p>* Upper Achairn:</p><br>
<p>* Allt Beag-airighe:</p><br>
<p>* Lower Achairn:</p><br>
<p>* Puldagon:</p><br>
<p>* Haster:</p><br>
<p>* Bridge of Haster:</p><br>
<p>* Mary Ford:</p><br>
<p>The Silent Valley Reservoir is a reservoir located in the Mourne Mountains near Kilkeel, County Down in Northern Ireland. It supplies most of the water for County Down, surrounding counties and most of Belfast. It is owned and maintained by Northern Ireland Water Limited . The reservoir was built between 1923 and 1933 by a workforce of over one thousand men, nine of whom died.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With Belfast&#39;s rapid growth, there was a fast-growing demand for more and more water. The two existing upload water catchments were becoming increasingly insufficient. Local civil engineer, Luke Livingston Macassey was appointed the task of finding a source of water large enough to sustain Belfast. Five potential sites were surveyed in County Down, and County Antrim. Macassey ultimately decided on the Mournes in Down. The reason the Mournes proved so popular with Macassey was the cleanliness of the water and the high amount of rainfall – both paramount factors in water sources. Upon deciding on the site, water commissioners agreed on securing a 9,000 acre catchment area. This area is surrounded by the Mourne Wall, built entirely by hand, taking eighteen years to complete. At the time the catchment was capable of providing some 30 e6impgal of water per day, but this was too much. A scheme was developed and divided into 3 stages:</p><br>
<p>The first stage was to divert water from the Kilkeel and Annalong river through pipes to a reservoir near Carryduff. These water pipes were capable of supplying 10 e6impgal of water per day.</p><br>
<p>The second stage was to build a storage reservoir across the Kilkeel River, after new pipes laid there were able to supply another 10 e6impgal of water per day.</p><br>
<p>The third stage was planned to be another storage reservoir in Annalong to impound the Annalong River. However, after the difficulties encountered in building the Silent Valley dam the second dam was not built. Instead, in the 1950s, a second dam was built at Ben Crom, further up the Kilkeel river valley. Also a tunnel was driven under Slieve Binnian to bring water to the Silent Valley reservoir from the Annalong river.</p><br>
<h2>The Binnian Tunnel</h2><br>
<p>Between 1947 and 1951 over 150 men drove a tunnel almost two and a half miles long underneath Slieve Binnian. The tunnel was built to carry water from the Annalong valley to the Silent Valley Dam, which had been completed in 1933, 14 years earlier. This was to further supply the growing demands of Belfasts water supply. Two work squads began at each end of the tunnel, and met half way almost 800 metres under the mountain. The technology in the day was lacking in every standard, and was led by candlelight. When the two squads met, they were mere inches off. The tunnel measures 8 ft square – and 2.25 mi long. Its entry is at Dunnywater and its exit is on the roadside, a short distance from the visitors centre. The Binnian Tunnel was officially opened on Thursday, 28 August 1952.</p><br>
<p>Tsomgo Lake, also known as Tsongmo Lake or Changu Lake, is a glacial lake in the East Sikkim district of the Indian state of Sikkim, some 40 km from the capital Gangtok. Located at an elevation of 3,753 m, the lake remains frozen during the winter season. The lake surface reflects different colours with change of seasons and is held in great reverence by the local Sikkimese people. Buddhist monks prognosticated after studying the changing colours of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>In Bhutia language the name Tsomgo is made of two words Tso meaning "lake" and Mgo meaning "head" which gives the literal meaning as "source of the lake".</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by steep mountains which are covered with snow during winter. During summer the snow cover melts and forms the source for the lake. The lake which remains frozen in winter season, sometimes extending up to May, receives an average annual precipitation of 1,183 mm with temperatures recorded in the range of 0 -.</p><br>
<p>The lake is about 40 km away from Gangtok on the Gangtok-Nathula highway. Further, the road to Nathu La skirts the lake on the north side. The Chinese border crossing is only some 5 km east-northeast in a straight line, but some 18 km by road.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The lake is formed in an oval shape and has a surface area of 24.47 hectare. The maximum length of the lake is 836 m and has a maximum width of 427 m. The maximum depth reported is 15 m while the average depth is 4.58 m. The lake water quality is of moderate turbidity.</p><br>
<p>The lake is the venue for the Guru Purnima festival which is also the Raksha Bandhan festival when the faith healers known as Jhakris of Sikkim assemble at the lake area to derive benefits from the healing qualities of the lake waters.</p><br>
<p>Alpine forests cover the catchment of the lake. After the winter season ends in middle of May, the periphery of lake has scenic blooms of flower species of rhododendrons (the state tree of Sikkim), primulas, blue and yellow poppies, irises and so forth. Also seen in the precincts of the lake are several species of birds including Brahminy ducks. Wildlife seen includes the red panda.</p><br>
<p>Tourist attractions at the lake site include joy rides on decorated yaks and mules where kiosks offer variety of food and drinks. There is also a small Shiva temple on the bank of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Entry permits</h2><br>
<p>As the lake is located in a restricted area it is essential for all Indians visiting the area to obtain permits. In case of foreign nationals special permit is essential.</p><br>
<p>Indian Postal Service released a commemorative stamp on the lake on 6 November 2006.</p><br>
<p>Changu Lake, Gangtok.jpgTsongmo Lake, January 2014</p><br>
<p>Tsomgo Lake.jpgTsomgo Lake</p><br>
<p>Chsungo.jpgTsongmo Lake in Winter</p><br>
<p>Source of the Lakes "Sikkim".jpgTsomgo Lake in April 2017</p><br>
<p>Tsomgo Lake in October.jpgthumbTsomgo Lake in October</p><br>
<p>Khecheopalri Lake, originally known as Kha-Chot-Palri , is a lake located near Khecheopalri village, 147 km west of Gangtok in the West Sikkim district of the Northeastern Indian state of Sikkim.</p><br>
<p>Located 34 km to the northwest of Pelling town, the lake is sacred for both Buddhists and Hindus, and is believed to be a wish fulfilling lake. The local name for the lake is Sho Dzo Sho, which means "Oh Lady, Sit Here". The popularly known name of the lake, considering its location is Khecheopalri Lake, ensconced in the midst of the Khechoedpaldri hill, which is also considered a sacred hill.</p><br>
<p>The lake is an integral part of the much revered valley of "Demazong" meaning valley of rice. This landscape is also known as a land of hidden treasures blessed by Guru Padmasambhava.</p><br>
<p>The Khecheopalri Lake is also part of Buddhist religious pilgrimage circuit involving the Yuksom, the Dubdi Monastery in Yuksom, Pemayangtse Monastery, the Rabdentse ruins, the Sanga Choeling Monastery, and the Tashiding Monastery.</p><br>
<p>An interesting feature of the lake is that leaves are not allowed to float on the lake, which is ensured by the birds which industriously pick them up as soon as they drop into the lake surface.</p><br>
<p>The Khecheopalri Lake and the Khangchendzonga National Park are conserved from the biodiversity perspective with ecotourism and pilgrimage as essential offshoots. As a result, their recreational and sacredness values are enhanced.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>According to folklore morphometry, Khecheopalri is made up of two words, Kheecheo and palri. Khecheo means "flying yoginis" or "Taras" (female manifestations of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion) and palri means "palace".</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>According to folklore legend related to Sikkim topography, the Khecheopalri is said to represent one of the four plexus of the human body namely, the thorax; the other three plexes are said to be represented by Yuksom (the third eye), Tashiding (head) and Pemayangtse (the heart).</p><br>
<p>The mythological links to the origin of all the lakes in Sikkim make them sacred and so is the case with the Khecheopalri Lake. Many legends are narrated such as: Guru Padmasambahava preached to sixty-four yoginis here; it is the residing place of the Goddess Tara Jetsun Dolma and the Khecheopalri Lake is her footprint; the lake represents the Goddess Chho Pema; footprints of Macha Zemu Rinpoche are on a stone near the chorten (stupa) near the lake; Hindu god Lord Shiva meditated in Dupukney Cave that is situated above the lake and hence worshipped on "Nag Panchami" day at the lake; a Lepcha girl named Nenjo Asha Lham was blessed by the lake goddess and was gifted with a precious gem which was lost, and it is the belief of the local people that the gem is hidden in the lake; the lake water has curative properties and hence permitted to be used only for performing rites and rituals; and with all these legends, the lake is called a "wish fulfilling lake".</p><br>
<p>Another folk legend narrated (a plaque erected at the entrance to the lake by the Department of Ecclesiastical Affairs, Government of Sikkim gives some details of the legend) is that long time back this place used to be a grazing ground, troubled by nettle (the native original tribal population make use of the barks of nettle for multipurpose uses). Then, on a particular day, a Lepcha couple were peeling off the bark of the nettle when they saw a pair of conch shells falling from air on the ground. This was followed by severe shaking of the ground and spring water emerged from below and thus the lake was formed. Based on the sacred Nesol text, the lake was interpreted as the abode of "Tshomen Gyalmo or chief protective nymph of the Dharma as blessed by Goddess Tara".</p><br>
<p>This lake was also identified as the footprints of Goddess Tara, as from a high vantage point the contours of the lake appear like a footprint. Another belief is that the foot prints are of Hindu god Lord Shiva. The lake because of its high religious significance has been declared a protected lake under the Govt. of Sikkim Notification no. 701/Home/2001/dated 20-09-2001 and the provision of the place of worship (Special Provision Act 1991 of Government of India. Department of Eccliastical Affairs, Government of Sikkim.</p><br>
<p>The sanctity of the lake is exemplified by another legend, which says that the shape of the lake is in the form of foot that represents the foot of Lord Buddha, which could be seen from the surrounding hills.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The lake was the original névé (term used to define formation of a glacier from compact granular snow) region of ancient precipitous glaciers. The depression where the lake is situated was formed by the scooping action of the glacier. It forms the southern bank of the Lethang valley. The formation of the lake is estimated to be 3500 years old. The lake is situated amidst pristine forest at an altitude of 1,700 m near Tsozo village. The lake drains a catchment area of the Ramam watershed (Ramam mountain gives its name to the valley) and has a drainage area of 12 km&sup2; (including area of bog of 70,100 m&sup2;. The periphery of lake has the shape of a foot. The surface water spread area of the lake is 3.79 hectare. The depth of water in the lake varies from 3.2 - with an average depth of 7.2 m. It is also inferred from a visual observation of the lake that it has undergone changes in its size due to encroachment due to peripheral vegetation and eutrophication, and its original size could have been three times of its present size. The lake&#39;s water spread, which was 7.4 hectare in 1963 reduced to 3.8 hectare in 1997 and consequently the peatland (bog) increased from 3.4 -. Inflow into the lake is through two perennial and five non perennial streams, while the outflow is from one outlet. In addition, during the monsoon season two streams are also diverted temporarily into the lake to supplement its storage capacity. The geological setting in the lake and its surrounding hills consist of granite gneiss, schist and phyllites.</p><br>
<p>The lake is enveloped in a dense forest cover of temperate vegetation and bamboo. 72 households and 440 people live in villages around the lake periphery. The Lepchas are the main ethnic group of the place. Traditional agriculture is the main livelihood and recently some households have become involved in tourism.</p><br>
<p>Pelling–Yuksom road leads to the lake, which is surrounded by densely forested hills. There is also a monastery above the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate of the lake region is monsoonal. The maximum and minimum temperatures recorded are 24 &deg;C and 4 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by a broad-leaved mixed temperate forest. However, the vegetation in the lake comprises Macrophytes, Phytoplankton and Zooplankton.</p><br>
<p>Macrophytes comprised Aponogeton monostachyon, Ceratophyllum sp., Monocharia vaginalis, Scirpus sp.</p><br>
<p>The Phytoplankton species are a composition of different families namely, Chlorophyceae (18) which is the foremost group, Chrysophyceae (15), Cyanophyceae (11), and one species each of Charophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Dinophyceae and Cryptophyceae.</p><br>
<p>The Zooplanktons recorded are: 7 rotifers, 5 protozoans, 2 each of copepods and cladocerans, and 1 each of ostracods and isopods.</p><br>
<p>The fish species recorded in the lake are: Cyprinus carpio, Danio aequipinnatus, Garra sp., Schistura sp. and Schziothorax sp.</p><br>
<p>The avifauna recorded in the lake, particularly in the festive season when they gather in the early hours of the morning (dispersed with human presence) at the middle of the lake are: grebe (Podiceps ruficollis), common merganser– Mergus merganser, large cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo), little cormorant (microcarbo niger), common teal (Anascrecca), tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), White-breasted waterhen (Amaurornis phoenicurus), moorhen (gallimlachorophy) and crane brown Amaurornisbi colour. The lake is also a resting-place for Trans-Himalayan migratory birds and supports commercial and recreational tourism. Trans Himalayan migratory birds visit the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Threats</h2><br>
<p>Khecheopalri Lake and the Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP), which are visited by tourists and trekkers on the Yuksom-Dzongri-GoechhaLa trekking corridor (45 km long trek) have caused concerns of environmental deterioration in the region. It is recorded that tourist inflow into Sikkim had seen a quantum jump in the period between 1980 and 2001; domestic tourism increased by more than 10 times and international tourists inflow increased by about fourfold. This concern is not limited to very high influx of tourists but also loss of biodiversity due to extraction of valuable ecosystem components due to deforestation and adoption of harmful land-use practices. The inhabitants around the lake exploit the natural resources of the lake watershed by way of extraction of fuel, fodder and timber, and by livestock grazing. Pilgrimage season compounds the threats to the lake environment in the form of outwash of the offerings made into the lake by pilgrims, decomposition of waste material resulting in increase in acidity of the lake waters and consequent high pH values (varied between 6.8 and 8.5), reduction in Dissolved Oxygen levels, increase in concentration of chlorides, iron and ammonia levels and proliferation of planktons such as protococus and tetraspora. All these factors increased the pollution level in the lake waters.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation measures</h2><br>
<p>A scientific study was, therefore, instituted (the first such study in India of a sacred lake in a temperate zone) with the objective of quantifying the sacredness value of the lake and the related recreational value of the Yuksom-Dzongri-Goechha La corridor. The study was carried out by gathering interactive information from tourists who visit the lake throughout the year (both national and international) and local community on their perceptions for conservation and tourism. This study has established that monetary values need to be attributed to conservation of the site for biodiversity and pilgrimage through regulated ecotourism. This could also usher in economic development, closely linked to conservation.</p><br>
<p>Thus, ecotourism, promoted with the involvement of local communities, could not only provide economic benefits but also control further deterioration of biodiversity in the Khecheopalri Lake surroundings as well as in the Yuksom-Dzongri-Goechha La Corridor. Further, as a conservation measure, fishing or any other recreational activities at the lake have been prohibited. Swimming and boating in the lake are also prohibited. There is also the belief among the local community that any disturbance on the Holy Lake could lead to calamities and unwelcome events.</p><br>
<p>To reduce the pollution levels in the lake, the measures envisaged are: afforestation of degraded forest areas, prayer ceremonies to be made monastery centric than lake centric, implement a management plan with full local participation, shifting cultivation and grazing in the catchment to be discouraged, weed control through manual and mechanical extraction and most importantly to check anthropogenic and agricultural runoff into the lake.</p><br>
<p>To ensure lake conservation and management, the Khecheopalri Holy Lake Welfare Committee (KHLWC) and the local community are involved in developing plantations and management of festivals. They have stopped grazing around the lake periphery and even stopped construction of a foot path on the periphery of the lake in order to maintain the forest vegetation surrounding the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Now, there is a lake Jetty that leads to the front of the lake and from where prayers and incense are offered. Prayer wheels are fixed along the jetty with prayer flags and Tibetan inscriptions, adding to the piety of the place.</p><br>
<p>Annual Buddhist rituals from the readings of the Naysul prayer book, which describes the origin of Sikkim and has several tantric secret prayers, are chanted at the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Religiosity</h2><br>
<p>The placid waters of the lake are visited by many pilgrims and tourists. From the main gate, where there are small shops and road ends to the lake is about a ten to fifteen minutes walk through a lovely tropical forest.</p><br>
<h2>Festival</h2><br>
<p>As the sacred Khecheopalri Lake is known as a "wish fulfilling lake", folklore and legends associated with it are many. The folk lore has generated deep religious interest and as a result lake&#39;s waters are permitted to be used only for performing rites and rituals. Consequently, a religious fair, one of the largest festivals, is held here every year for two days in Maghe purne (March/April), which is attended by a large number of pilgrims from all parts of Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal and India. They offer food material to the lake and carry waters of the lake as Prasad (substance that is first offered to a deity and then consumed). People believe that Lord Shiva exists in "solemn meditation inside the lake". During this festival, pilgrims float butter lamps in the lake on bamboo boats tied with khadas (scared scarves), in the evenings chanting prayers as mark of reverence, along with many other food offerings.</p><br>
<p>Chho-Tsho, is another festival that is observed here in the month of October after the cardamom harvest to offer gratitude for providing people with food.</p><br>
<p>Loch Etive  is a 30 km sea loch in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It reaches the sea at Connel, 5 km north of Oban. It measures 31.6 km  long and from 1.2 km  to 1.6 km wide. Its depth varies greatly, up to a maximum of 150 m.</p><br>
<p>The name Etive is believed to mean "little ugly one" from the Gaelic goddess associated with the loch. It heads east for half its length alongside the main road and rail link to Oban, before heading northeast into mountainous terrain. A road along Glen Etive makes the head of the loch accessible from Glen Coe. The narrow mouth of the loch results in its most unusual feature, the Falls of Lora. Part of the north bank has been designated a Special Area of Conservation in particular due to old sessile oak woods. Surprisingly, a small colony of around 20 common seals is resident in Loch Etive.</p><br>
<p>Just seaward of the mouth of the loch is Dunstaffnage Castle. This was a stronghold of the kingdom of Dál Riata until the 9th century, and possibly its centre at one time. It is believed to have held the Stone of Scone before its transfer to Scone Palace. The current ruins date from 1275. Cruises up Loch Etive followed by carriage trip to Glen Coe were started in 1881 as Oban developed as a fashionable resort.</p><br>
<p>Connel Bridge, a cantilever bridge over the loch at the Falls of Lora, was built in 1903 for the Connel-Ballachulish railway. A rail-bus ferried foot-passengers across from 1909 until 1914 when the bridge was converted to allow for rail, road, and passenger traffic (on the same track). Since the railway line closed in 1966, the bridge has been solely for road traffic.</p><br>
<p>In the parish of Ardchattan, on the north shore, stands the beautiful ruin of St. Modans Priory, founded in the 13th century for Cistercian monks of the Valliscaulian Order. It is said that Robert Bruce held within its walls the last parliament in which the Gaelic language was used. On the coast of Loch Nell, or Ardmucknish Bay, is the vitrified fort of Beregonium, not to be confounded with Rerigonium (sometimes miscalled Berigonium) on Loch Ryan in Wigtownshire town of the ancient Novantae tribe, identified with Innermessan. The confusion has arisen through a textual error in an early edition of Ptolemys Geography.</p><br>
<h2>Other usage</h2><br>
<p>Loch Etive was the name of an Iron Clipper Ship that Joseph Conrad served aboard.</p><br>
<p>In geology, Etive is also the name of a geological Formation of the North Sea stratigraphy, named after the Loch.</p><br>
<p>on Wikimedia Commons.</p><br>
<p>Ljuboten  or Luboten  is a peak of the Šar Mountains located at the border between Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia. Its height is 2,498 m.</p><br>
<p>Ljuboten peak although not being the highest peak of the range, is somewhat isolated from the rest of the mountains making it stand out as far as Skopje and Pristina.</p><br>
<p>The majority of Ljuboten, the north side, north-west, east side and south east, are within the borders of Kosovo. On the Macedonian side of the peak there is a mountain house called "Ljuboten", as well as Shija Ljubotenska (Ljubotens Neck), Kozja Karpa (Goats Rock), Shiljast Kamen (Pointed Rock), and Rogacevski Korita.</p><br>
<p>Ljuboten is a popular destination with mountain climbers in Europe. The mountain is covered with pastures along with rocky outcroppings. Livadh Lake in Kosovo and few sheepfolds are near the peak. In wintertime there is usually over a meter of snow on the ground at Ljuboten.</p><br>
<p>The mountain house at Ljuboten is located in the foothills of the peak and is connected with a road to Vratnica, Republic of Macedonia.</p><br>
<p>The Aiguille du Midi  is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif within the French Alps. It is a popular tourist destination and can be directly accessed by cable car from Chamonix that takes visitors close to Mont Blanc.</p><br>
<h2>Cable car</h2><br>
<p>The idea for a cable car to the summit, the Téléphérique de lAiguille du Midi, was originally proposed around 1909, but did not come into operation until 1955 when it held the title of the worlds highest cable car for about two decades. It still holds the record as the highest vertical ascent cable car in the world, from 1,035 m to 3842 m. There are two sections: from Chamonix to Plan de l&#39;Aiguille at 2,317 m and then directly, without any support pillar, to the upper station at 3,777 m (the building contains an elevator to the summit). The span of the second section is 2,867 m measured directly, but only 2,500 m measured horizontally. Thus it remains the second longest span width, measured directly. The cable car travels from Chamonix to the top of the Aiguille du Midi – an altitude gain of over 2,800 m – in 20 minutes, costing around €60 for an adult-ticket from Chamonix and back.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The Aiguille summit contains a panoramic viewing platform, a café and a gift shop. Even in summer, temperatures in the open viewing areas can reach -10 °C, and visitors require both warm clothing and protection from very bright sunlight.</p><br>
<p>Because of the danger, tourists are unable to leave the visitor facilities on the Midi&#39;s summit. However, mountaineers and skiers are able to pass through a tunnel to reach the steep and extremely exposed ice ridge to descend to the glacier below.</p><br>
<p>In December 2013, a glass skywalk called "Step into the Void" opened at the top of the Aiguille du Midi peak (3842 meters high). The view is 1035 meters straight down, and one can see Mont Blanc to the south. A further tourist development currently under construction (as at 2015) is Le Pipe – a tubular walkway that will completely circle the summit.</p><br>
<p>During summer months only, the Vallée Blanche Cable Car crosses "peak-to-peak" from Aiguille du Midi to Pointe Helbronner (3,462 m) at the Italian side of the Mont Blanc Massif. Pointe Helbronner is served by another cable car, Skyway Monte Bianco, to Entrèves, near the Italian town of Courmayeur in the Aosta Valley. This makes it possible to travel "by air" from Chamonix, France to Courmayeur, Italy &ndash; a route normally traversed by the highway running through the Mont Blanc Tunnel.</p><br>
<h2>Mountaineering</h2><br>
<p>A number of routes for fit, experienced mountaineers can either start or finish at the Aiguille du Midi, although the nearby Cosmiques Refuge is the best starting point for the longer routes:</p><br>
<p>Arête des Cosmiques (also known as the Cosmiques Ridge) is a short, mixed rock and ice route which can be reached from the Midi station and which returns there in an unusual manner, exiting from the top of a ladder onto the Midi station viewing platform. It is very popular, and therefore busy, and is often used as an alpine training climb as it requires all-round mountaineering skills. Graded at PD+ to AD, the round-trip can easily be completed from Chamonix in one day. First ascent by George and Maxwell Finched on 2 August 1911</p><br>
<p>Midi-Plan traverse traverse from the Aiguille du Midi to the Aiguille du Plan, either returning to the cable car, or descending the Mer de Glace from the Plan to the Requin Hut or continuing to Montenvers.</p><br>
<p>Mont Blanc du Tacul Usually done from the Cosmiques Hut, but fit parties sometimes take the first morning telepherique and descend from the Midi. Alternatively it can be combined with a return to the cable car station via an ascent of the Cosmiques ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Traverse of Mont Blanc, also known in French as La Voie des Trois Mont Blancs or just La Traversée, is a long route, graded at PD+ which starts from the Cosmiques Hut. This popular route is less exposed to danger than the Gouter Route, but under certain conditions both Mont Blanc du Tacul and Mont Maudit can develop slopes with very high avalanche risk.</p><br>
<p>The Vallée Blanche ski run is a 20 km long, unmarked off-piste ski route which begins very steeply from the Aiguille du Midi station and, because of its complexity across crevassed glaciated terrain and need for route-finding, is best undertaken with a mountain guide.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name "Aiguille du Midi" translates as Needle of the Mid-day, and it has been suggested this may be because the sun appears over its summit around noon when seen from one of the town&#39;s churches.</p><br>
<p>The account should be treated as apocryphal as, by definition: the sun would reliably be seen from the church to pass over at noon only if the mountain were due south.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Ilioupoli  is a suburban municipality in the southeastern part of the Athens metropolitan area, Greece. Its name is the modern form of the ancient name of Heliopolis in Egypt. Development of Ilioupoli started around 1924, when Greek refugees from Asia Minor settled there. Ilioupoli is twinned with Novi Sad  and Larnaca .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ilioupoli is 6 km southeast of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 12.724 km. It lies at the western foot of the forested Hymettus mountain, which covers the eastern half of the municipality. Its built-up area is continuous with those of neighbouring suburbs Ymittos, Agios Dimitrios, Alimos and Argyroupoli. The main thoroughfares are Vouliagmenis Avenue, which connects Ilioupoli with central Athens, and Venizelou Avenue, which connects with Motorway 64. Ilioupoli station is served by Line 2 of the Athens Metro. Ilioupoli is also linked by bus to downtown Athens (OASA 237 line), to Glyfada (OASA 140 line) and Piraeus (OASA 218 line).</p><br>
<p>Ilioupoli is subdivided into 11 quarters: Agia Marina, Agia Mavra, Agia Paraskevi, Agios Konstantinos-Kanaria, Ano Ilioupoli, Astynomika-Panorama, Kato Ilioupoli, Kentro, Nisaki, Typografika and Chalikaki. Ilioupoli has an uncommon street plan, characterised by 5 sets of concentric circular or oval streets.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Anapsiktirio "Demetrios Kintis"</p><br>
<p>Plateia Iroon (Iroon Square)</p><br>
<p>Koimisi tis Theotokou Church</p><br>
<p>Kentriki Plateia (Central Square)</p><br>
<p>The Stouggaris Building (Sophia the fox, big one)</p><br>
<p>Plateia Kanaria (Kanaria Square)</p><br>
<p>Plateia Flemingk (Fleming Square)</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Ilioupoli is the seat of the clubs Charavgiakos, club founded in 1949 and Ilioupoli F.C., club founded in 1953.</p><br>
<p>Union Christian College was a small co-educational college located in Merom, Sullivan County, Indiana. Founded by the denomination called the Christian Church which eventually merged with the Congregational denomination which later joined with the Evangelical and Reformed Churches to form the United Church of Christ. It was one of the first co-educational colleges that allowed women to take any class that a man could take. Other co-educational colleges would only allow their women to study home economics, nursing, teaching, secretarial, etc. At UCC women could study to be doctors, lawyers, ministers, or home-makers. UCC was very progressive for its time. One of its most notable alumni was James M. Hamilton , who became the third president of Montana State University, serving from 1904 to 1919.</p><br>
<p>Union Christian College existed from 1859 until it closed its doors in 1924. From 1924 to 1936 the buildings were empty except for the summer months when summer youth conferences (summer camp) took place on the grounds In 1936 the facilities were reopened as the Merom Institute and was owned by the Indiana-Kentucky Conference of the United Church of Christ and was known as the Merom Conference Center.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 Merom Conference Center separated from the IKC UCC. It now stands as its own entity, Merom Camp and Retreat Center. It holds 7+ faith-based camps in the summer, and IKC sponsored retreats in the Fall and the Spring, along with private events. It has open pool time for the citizens of Merom every Friday in the summer and helps feed and give checkups to its people year round.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Padma  is a major river in Bangladesh. It is the main distributary of the Ganges, flowing generally southeast for 120 km to its confluence with the Meghna River near the Bay of Bengal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>The Padma, Sanskrit for lotus flower, is mentioned in Hindu mythology as a byname for the Goddess Lakshmi.</p><br>
<p>The name Padma is given to the lower part of the course of the Ganges (Ganga) below the point of the off-take of the Bhagirathi River (India), another Ganges River distributary also known as the Hooghly River. Padma had, most probably, flowed through a number of channels at different times. Some authors contend that each distributary of the Ganges in its deltaic part is a remnant of an old principal channel, and that starting from the western-most one, the Bhagirathi (in West Bengal, India), each distributary to the east marks a position of a newer channel than the one to the west of it.</p><br>
<h3>Geographic effects</h3><br>
<p>Eighteenth-century geographer James Rennell referred to a former course of the Ganges north of its present channel, as follows:</p><br>
<p>Appearances favour very strongly that the Ganges had its former bed in the tract now occupied by the lakes and morasses between Natore and Jaffiergunge, striking out of the present course by Bauleah to a junction of Burrrampooter or Megna near Fringybazar, where accumulation of two such mighty streams probably scooped out the present amazing bed of the Megna.</p><br>
<p>The places mentioned by Rennell proceeding from west to east are Rampur Boali, the headquarters of Rajshahi district, Puthia and Natore in the same district and Jaffarganj in the district of Dhaka. The place last named were shown in a map of the Mymensingh district dated 1861, as a subdistrict (thana) headquarters, about 6 mi south-east of Bera Upazila police station. It is now known as Payla Jaffarganj and is close to Elachipur opposite Goalunda. According to Rennell&#39;s theory, therefore, the probable former course of the Ganges would correspond with that of the present channel of the Baral River.</p><br>
<p>Authorities agree that the Ganges has changed its course and that at different times, each of the distributaries might have been the carrier of its main stream.</p><br>
<p>The bed of the Padma is wide, and the river is split up into several channels flowing between constantly shifting sand banks and islands. During the rains the current is very strong and even steamers may find difficulty in making headway against it. It is navigable at all seasons of the year by steamers and country boats of all sizes and until recently ranked as one of the most frequented waterways in the world. It is spanned near Paksey by the great Hardinge Bridge over which runs one of the main lines of the Bangladesh Railway.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Padma enters Bangladesh from India near Nawabganj and meets the Jamuna (যমুনা Jomuna) near Aricha and retains its name, but finally meets with the Meghna (মেঘনা) near Chandpur and adopts the name "Meghna" before flowing into the Bay of Bengal.</p><br>
<p>Rajshahi, a major city in western Bangladesh, is situated on the north bank of the Padma.</p><br>
<p>The Ganges originates in the Gangotri Glacier of the Himalaya, and runs through India and Bangladesh to the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges enters Bangladesh at Shibganj in the district of Chapai Nababganj. West of Shibganj, the Ganges branches into two distributaries, the Bhagirathi and the Padma rivers. The Bhagirathi River, which flows southwards, is also known as the Ganga and was named the Hoogly or Hooghly River by the British.</p><br>
<p>Further downstream, in Goalando, 2,200 km from the source, the Padma is joined by the Jamuna (Lower Brahmaputra) and the resulting combination flows with the name Padma further east, to Chandpur. Here, the widest river in Bangladesh, the Meghna joins the Padma, continuing as the Meghna almost in a straight line to the south, ending in the Bay of Bengal.</p><br>
<h3>Pabna District</h3><br>
<p>The Padma forms the whole of the southern boundary of the Pabna District for a distance of about 120 km.</p><br>
<h3>Kushtia District</h3><br>
<p>The Jalangi River is thrown off at the point where the mighty Padma touches the district at its most northernly corner, and flows along the northern border in a direction slightly southeast, until it leaves the district some miles to the east of Kushtia. It carries immense volumes of water and is very wide at places, constantly shifting its main channel, eroding vast areas on one bank, throwing chars on the other, giving rise to many disputes as to the possession of the chars and islands which are thrown up.</p><br>
<h2>Rajshahi District</h2><br>
<p>Rajshahi is the largest city among the cities which is situated on the bank of Padma river. It is the third largest city in Bangladesh. It is a major city in the north Bengal. Rajshahi has a beautifully decorated embankment of Padma. Rajshahi Collegiate School is one of the oldest schools in Indian Subcontinent, situated on Padma river bank. The school was endangered three times by the disintegration of the Padma river. Padma Food Garden, A.H.M. Kamaruzzaman Central Park and Zoo, Barokuthi Nandan Park, Muktamancha, and T shaped embankment (Bengali: টি বাঁধ) are best tourist spot in Rajshahi which are situared on the bank of Padma river.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Damming</h3><br>
<p>After the construction of the Farakka Barrage on the Ganges River in West Bengal, the maximum flows in the Padma River were reduced significantly. The flow reduction caused many problems in Bangladesh, including the loss of fish species, the drying of Padma&#39;s distributaries, increased saltwater intrusion from the Bay of Bengal, and damage to the mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.</p><br>
<h3>Padma Bridge</h3><br>
<p>The Padma Bridge would be Bangladesh&#39;s largest, estimated at US$2.3 billion to finish. It was supposed to be open to the public in 2013. However, the future of the project became uncertain when in June 2012 the World Bank cancelled its $1.2 billion loan over corruption allegations. In June 2014, the government of Bangladesh, proceeding without the loan, hired a Chinese firm to construct the 6.15 km main part of the bridge, and in October 2014, it hired a South Korean firm to supervise construction. Officials aim to finish the project by 2018. In 2009, government plans also included rail lines on both sides of the Padma with a connection via the new bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Lalon Shah Bridge also crosses the Padma further upstream.</p><br>
<p>Sifnos  is an island municipality in the Cyclades island group in Greece. The main town, near the center, known as Apollonia , is home of the islands folklore museum and library. The towns name is thought to come from an ancient temple of Apollo on the site of the church of Panayia Yeraniofora. The second-largest town is Artemonas , thought to be named after an ancient temple of Apollos sister-goddess Artemis, located at the site of the church of Panayia Kokhi. The village of Kastro , was the capital of the island during ancient times until 1836. It is built on top of a high cliff on the islands east shore and today has extensive medieval remains and is the location of the island&#39;s archeological museum. The port settlement, on the west coast of the island is known as Kamares .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sifnos lies in the Cyclades between Serifos and Milos, west of Delos and Paros, about 130 km (80 nautical miles) from Piraeus (Athens&#39; port). The municipality has an area of 73.942 km² and is 15 km long and 7.5 km wide. It has a shoreline of 70 km, with a permanent population of 2,625. The island is reached on the ferries which run on the Piraeus- Kythnos- Serifos- Sifnos- Milos- Kimolos line. There are also infrequent sailings to other islands in the Cyclades.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sifnos was inhabited by human beings from at least 4000 BCE. Archeological evidence indicates the island was within the mainstream of Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Cycladic civilization. The island was very wealthy in ancient times, thanks to its gold, silver, and lead, which were being mined there as early as the 3rd millennium BCE. Proof of this is the treasury which the Siphnians built at Delphi in the 6th century BCE to house their offerings. According to Pausanias, these mines were obliterated by floods in ancient times, a disaster which some attributed to the people of the island suspending their tribute out of greed. Modern scholars suggest that some of the mines flooded because they had eventually been dug to a depth below sea level, while the majority of them, situated far from the sea, were probably exhausted. Remains of ancient mines, some dating back to prehistoric times, are still to be seen on the island, most notably at Ay. Sostis, and remains of ancient fortifications, dating from the third millennium to the sixth century BCE, have been found at Ay. Andreas, Ay. Nikitas, and Kastro. Another indication of Sifnos&#39;s wealth is the fact that it was one of the first places in Greece to mint coins, beginning around 600 BCE, although the number minted does not seem to have been great, and the island of Aegina, which used Siphnian silver, seems to have developed a much greater export capacity in this form of the metal.</p><br>
<p>During the extensive Greek migrations which occurred beginning perhaps as early as the 12th century BCE, Sifnos was mostly populated by Ionian Greeks from Athens. The island appears only rarely in the subsequent ancient history of Greece. In the sixth century BCE it was invaded by pirates from Samos. In the fifth century BCE, Sifnos was an official member of the Greek defensive alliance formed to fight the Persian Wars. In the next century the island was briefly taken over by the Persians but liberated by a fleet sent by Alexander the Great. The verb "to play the Siphnian" appears in a fragment of Aristophanes, and is explained in the Suda alongside "to Lesbianize" as a reference to transgression.</p><br>
<p>Little is known of Sifnos during the Roman and Byzantine eras, though three Roman sarcophagi remaining in the streets of Kastro and a collection of 80 Byzantine coins in the Museum there testify to substantial continued population during those times. In the early 14th century Sifnos came under the power of the Italian or Spanish Hospitaller Januli I da Corogna, who proclaimed the island independent from the Sanudo dynasty which then ruled most of the Cyclades area. The Corognas ruled Sifnos for over a hundred years; around 1440 as a result of a dynastic marriage power over the island passed to a Bolognese family, the Gozzadini, who ruled until 1617. Though both these dynasties became thoroughly Hellenized, they retained their Roman Catholic form of religion.</p><br>
<p>Little is also known of Sifnos during the Ottoman rule from 1617. It seems likely that, as in most of the Cyclades, Ottoman rule on Sifnos was fairly loose, consisting mainly of the collection of taxes, with the islanders largely administering their own affairs. By the early 17th century Sifnos was a significant commercial center, and from 1821 the island played an important role in the Greek War of Independence.</p><br>
<p>Notable figures from Sifnos in modern times include the educator and revolutionary leader Nikolaos Chrysogelos (1780–1858), who served as Greece&#39;s Minister of Education, and the chef Nikolaos Tselementes (1878–1958), who wrote a classic cookery book still used in Greece today.</p><br>
<p>The islands rich clay veins, sunny weather and temperature have made Sifnos a capital of pottery in the Aegean, with unique jars and pots that are a "trademark" of the island. They are typical of the Sifnian everyday life, such as ashtrays, cooking and food vessels, "masteles", "foufoudes" (kind of chimneys) etc. Locally, Sifnios&#39; was a variant word for potter. The oldest potteries were found in central regions such as Artemon and Ano Petali to avoid pirate attacks.</p><br>
<h2>Beaches</h2><br>
<p>The most famous ones are:</p><br>
<p>Cheronisos (Χερόννησος)</p><br>
<p>Poulati (Πουλάτη)</p><br>
<p>Faros (Φάρος)</p><br>
<p>Platu Gialos (Πλατύς Γιαλός)</p><br>
<p>Vathi (Βαθύ)</p><br>
<p>Apokofto (Αποκοφτό)</p><br>
<p>Broulidia (Βρουλίδια)</p><br>
<p>Fukiada (Φυκιάδα)</p><br>
<p>Chrysopigi (Χρυσοπηγή)</p><br>
<p>Vroulidia</p><br>
<h2>Churches</h2><br>
<p>There are 360 churches in the island of SIfnos, as per the days of the year. More than any other island in Cyclades. It is no coincidence, the large number of festivals held on the island almost every month. Many churches and monasteries of the island are historical sites with great religious and architectural interest. The most important one is the monastery of Panagia Chryssopigi.</p><br>
<p>One of the most "popular" churches of the island, is one of the Seven Martyrs, where many couples choose to get married. Still, Panagia Poulati renowned both for its beauty and what the landscape that surrounds it.</p><br>
<h2>Religious Festivals (Panigiria)</h2><br>
<p>Sifnos island is very famous for the religious festivals that take place during the summer period. These events is a very good opportunity for a visitor to be familiar with the culture of the island and the famous sifnian traditional cuisine for free. So, do not miss:</p><br>
<p>In July</p><br>
<p>St.Marina in Flabouro in the evening of the 17th</p><br>
<p>Prophet Helias (2 events both in the evening of the 19th: on the top of the tallest mountain-also known as Prophet Helias the tall and in Troullaki respectively)</p><br>
<p>In August</p><br>
<p>Holy Virgin (Panagia) on the 15th. There are many events on the following days.</p><br>
<p>-Panagia tou Nigiou, in the evening of the 16th</p><br>
<p>-Panagia Platanissa, in the evening of the 16th</p><br>
<p>-Panagia to Toso Nero, in the evening of the 17th</p><br>
<p>St.Symeon in the evening of the 31st</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Sifnos is subdivided into the following districts and villages:</p><br>
<p>Apollonia (Apollonia, Vathy, Kamares, Kastro, Kato Petali, Platys Gialos, Faros, Chrysopigi)</p><br>
<p>Artemonas (Artemonas, Agia Marina, Troulaki, Cherronisos)</p><br>
<h2>People</h2><br>
<p>Patriarch Gregory VII of Constantinople</p><br>
<p>Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria</p><br>
<p>Aristomenis Provelengios, poet and politician</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Tselementes, chef</p><br>
<p>Cat Bells is a fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It has a modest height of 451 m but despite this it is one of the most popular fells in the area. It is situated on the western shore of Derwent Water within 3 mi of the busy tourist town of Keswick. Its distinctive shape catches the attention of many visitors to the Lakes who feel compelled to climb to the summit after seeing it from the viewpoint of Friars Crag on the opposite side of Derwent Water. Renowned Lake District writer and walker Alfred Wainwright acknowledges the popularity of Cat Bells among fellwalkers of all ability by saying:</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The fells unusual name may well have come from a distortion of "Cat Bields" meaning shelter of the wild cat, although this is not certain. The fells name is sometimes written as Catbells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Cat Bells is the last fell on the ridge separating Derwent Water from the Newlands valley. It rises due south from Hawse End, reaching the summit in two distinct steps. The lower top is named Skelgill Bank. Beyond the summit of Cat Bells is the steep sided depression of Hause Gate, before the ridge broadens and twists south westward to Maiden Moor.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Cat Bells ridge is an example of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Nearly all ascents of Cat Bells start from Hawse End at the foot of the northern ridge; there is car parking here but the spaces soon get taken on busy summer days. Hawse End is also served by the Derwent Water Motor Launch and this enables visitors to Keswick to combine a sail on the lake with an ascent of the fell. Many walkers who reach the top of Cat Bells return to their starting point after admiring the view, however, strong walkers can continue along the ridge to take in the fells of Maiden Moor, High Spy, Dale Head, Hindscarth and Robinson to give a horseshoe walk which ends in the Newlands valley close to Hawse End.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is all rock with many loose stones lying amid the small outcrops. The view from the top of Cat Bells gives a fine panorama which is dominated by the aerial view of Derwentwater. Bassenthwaite Lake, the Newlands Valley, Skiddaw and Keswick all show well to the north, while the view south has a fine vista of Borrowdale.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>Although Cat Bells is renowned as a "family fell" it does have some dangers especially from the disused lead mines on its slopes. The Yewthwaite mine, which is on the western side of the fell has extensive spoil heaps and shafts. Many of the shafts were previously open and dangerous but most have now been blocked off. The Brandlehow and Old Brandley Mine worked a lode for lead ore on the Derwent Water (eastern) side of the fell. All three mines ceased production in the 1890s. On the lower slopes of the fell above Derwent Water stands Brackenburn Lodge, now holiday accommodation but formerly the home of Hugh Walpole who wrote the Herries series of books when he lived here from 1924 to his death in 1941.</p><br>
<h2>Memorials</h2><br>
<p>On the lower slopes of the fell is a memorial stone to Thomas Arthur Leonard (1864-1948), a pioneer of outdoor holidays for working people who founded the Co-operative Holidays Association and the Holiday Fellowship.</p><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Naval Asylum is a complex of buildings at Gray&#39;s Ferry Avenue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Built in 1827 as a hospital, it later housed the Philadelphia Naval School, served as a home for retired sailors for the United States Navy from 1834 to 1976, and was ultimately redeveloped as luxury condominiums. The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971, primarily for its architecture.</p><br>
<p>Set on more than 20 acre, the campus includes three buildings designed by architect William Strickland that are considered some of the best examples of Greek Revival architecture in the United States: Biddle Hall (the 1833 main building), the surgeons residence and the governors residence.</p><br>
<p>For seven years, the campus housed the Philadelphia Naval School, a precursor to the United States Naval Academy. Beginning in 1838, midshipmen approaching examinations for promotion were assigned to the school for eight months of study. In 1842, William Chauvenet was placed in charge of the school and formalized much of the study. When the Naval Academy was formed in 1845, four of the seven faculty members came from the Philadelphia school.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, its name was changed to Naval Home. In 1976, the Naval Home was moved to Gulfport, Mississippi, after it was determined that the Philadelphia facility could not be economically expanded and modernized.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the property was sold to residential developer Toll Brothers. The main building was damaged by arsonists in 2003. It has since been restored as luxury condominiums.</p><br>
<p>The River Ayr  is a river in Ayrshire, Scotland. At 65 km it is the longest river in the county.</p><br>
<p>The river was held as sacred by pre-Christian cultures. The remains of several prehistoric sacrificial horse burials have been found along its banks, mainly concentrated around the town of Ayr.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name Ayr comes from a pre-Celtic word meaning "watercourse". The town of Ayr was formerly known as Inver Ayr meaning "mouth of the Ayr", but this was later shortened to just Ayr.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The River Ayr has a watershed area of 574 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The river originates at Glenbuck Loch in East Ayrshire, close to the border with Lanarkshire. It winds its way through East and South Ayrshire to its mouth at the town of Ayr, where it empties into the Firth of Clyde.</p><br>
<p>On its way, the river passes through the villages of Muirkirk, Sorn, Catrine, Failford, Stair and Annbank, as well as passing the location of (the now ruined) Ayr Castle. The largest settlements being Ayr, Cumnock, Catrine, Ochiltree, Muirkirk and Sorn.</p><br>
<p>Major land uses within the catchment area are agriculture, forestry, mining, leisure and recreation and urban development.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Principal tributaries include:</p><br>
<p>Greenock Water</p><br>
<p>Lugar Water</p><br>
<p>Water of Fail</p><br>
<p>Water of Coyle.</p><br>
<h2>River Ayr Way</h2><br>
<p>Many practitioners of hillwalking and other related activities are probably aware that the river is pathed for upwards of 90% of its length. Due to disputes with estate owners and weather damage, the walk does temporarily abandon the river in a couple of locations. The path begins in the former village of Glenbuck, now a casualty of opencast mining and general industry decline. It follows the river from its source at Glenbuck Loch and ends at the coastal town of Ayr, where the river empties into the ocean at the Firth of Clyde. Typically the walk is done in 2 or 3 stages.</p><br>
<p>The Yellowhead Pass is a mountain pass across the Continental Divide of the Americas in the Canadian Rockies. It is located on the provincial boundary between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia, and lies within Jasper National Park and Mount Robson Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>Due to its modest elevation of 1,131 m and its gradual approaches, the pass was recommended by Sir Sandford Fleming as a route across the Rocky Mountains for the planned Canadian Pacific Railway. This proposal was rejected in favour of a more direct and southerly route through the more difficult Kicking Horse Pass, opened in 1886. However, both the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways used the Yellowhead Pass for their main lines built c. 1910–1913, and the main line of their successor, the Canadian National Railway, still follows the route. Via Rail&#39;s premier passenger train, the Canadian, uses the CN tracks as does the Jasper – Prince Rupert train and the Jasper section of the Rocky Mountaineer. The pass is now also traversed by the Yellowhead Highway.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the pass was named for Pierre Bostonais (nicknamed Tête Jaune, French for "yellow head", because of his blond hair), an Iroquois-Métis trapper employed as a guide by the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company. Bostonais led one of the first expeditions for the company to what is now the interior of B.C. through the pass in 1820.</p><br>
<p>Nethermost Pike is a fell in Cumbria, England, and a part of the Lake District. At 891 m it is the second highest Wainwright in the Helvellyn range, the highest of which is Helvellyn itself. It is located close to the southern end of the ridge, with Helvellyn to the north, and High Crag and Dollywaggon Pike to the south. Nethermost Pike, along with many of the Eastern Fells, lies between Thirlmere in the west and the Ullswater catchment in the east. The closest villages are Glenridding and Patterdale on the shores of Ullswater, over 8 km away.</p><br>
<p>Like most fells in the Helvellyn range, Nethermost Pike has grassy western slopes and rocky outcrops on the eastern side. Geologically, Nethermost Pike belongs to the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. Lead was once mined on its eastern slopes, resulting in open workings and underground mines. The eastern slopes are protected as part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest because of the Pikes geological and biological features, which include some of Englands best arctic-alpine and tall-herb vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>Classification</h2><br>
<p>Mountains are often classified according to their heights. At 891 m (2,922 ft) Nethermost Pike is listed as a Nuttall, which requires an elevation of 610 m (2,000 ft). However, with a prominence of 22 m it is not counted as a Hewitt or Marilyn which require prominences of 30 m and 150 m respectively. Nethermost Pike is also counted as a Wainwright because it was given a chapter in Alfred Wainwright&#39;s Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. It is the second-highest of the Eastern Fells, and the ninth highest of all the Wainwrights. South of Nethermost Pike is High Crag 884 m, which is separated from Nethermost Pike by a very limited depression. Most guidebooks follow Alfred Wainwright in considering High Crag to be a part of Nethermost Pike. This convention is not universally followed however, with author Bill Birkett preferring to differentiate between the two fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Helvellyn range runs broadly north-south for about 11 kilometres (7 miles), remaining above 600 m (1,970 ft) throughout its length. Nethermost Pike is toward the southern end of this ridge, with Helvellyn itself to the north and Dollywaggon Pike to the south. In common with much of the Helvellyn range there is a marked contrast between the western and eastern slopes of Nethermost Pike. In Wainwright&#39;s words: "The grassy western slope trodden by the multitudes is of little interest, but the fell should not be judged accordingly: it is made of sterner stuff. From the east, Nethermost Pike is magnificent, hardly less so than Helvellyn."</p><br>
<p>The western slopes fall smoothly to the head of Thirlmere reservoir, and the tiny church at Wythburn. There are rougher areas, High and Comb Crags in particular, but these do little to change the overall impression of high moorland. The lower slopes have been planted with conifers as part of the Thirlmere Forest, but above this is a sense of wide open space. Nethermost Pike&#39;s toehold on the valley is shifted a little to the south, relative to its position on the ridge. This is because Whelpside and Birkside Gills, its boundary streams, both run south-west, rather than flowing straight down the slope.</p><br>
<p>On the east, the first impression is all of rock. The long strath of Grisedale runs north-eastward to Ullswater, cutting off a series of hanging valleys which fall from the Helvellyn range. To the south east of Nethermost Pike, below the summit of High Crag, is Ruthwaite Cove. Surrounded by crag on three sides, this corrie contains Hard Tarn, a small pool on a rock shelf. This is one of the most difficult mountain tarns to locate, and its black algal bed and clear water combine to give the false impression of great depth. Ruthwaite Cove is now the site of Ruthwaite Lodge, a climbing hut. It was formerly the setting for more industrial activity, with the remains of several underground mines and some shallow open workings visible near the Lodge.</p><br>
<p>Between Ruthwaite and Nethermost Coves, Nethermost Pike sends out a fine rocky ridge. This arête, although not as imposing as Striding Edge across Nethermost Cove, ascends by a series of rocky steps for three quarters of a mile, making straight for the summit. It is from this angle, rather than from the west, that the fell earns the sobriquet of "Pike", meaning peaked mountain. At the bottom of the ridge is Eagle Crag, standing above Grisedale Beck and forcing walkers to take a detour from the ridgeline.</p><br>
<p>North from Nethermost Pike is the depression of Swallow Scarth, above the head of Nethermost Cove. From here the ridge climbs again, turning to the west as the long plateau of Helvellyn top is reached. Southwards the ridge steps down over High Crag, and narrows as it swings east around Ruthwaite Cove to Dollywaggon Pike. A heavily eroded path runs along the ridge, but actually bypasses the top of Nethermost Pike to the west, as it leads to Helvellyn.</p><br>
<p>The summit area is triangular in plan with ridges running to the north, south and east. The actual top is toward the northern corner and set back a little from the drop to Nethermost Cove. There is a rash of stones on the summit although the surroundings are mostly covered in rough grass, and several small cairns have been built. Other than northward, where the bulk of Helvellyn intervenes, the view is extensive, with much of the Lake District visible. Further ground is brought into view from the summit of High Crag.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The Lake District receives over 12 million visitors a year, many of whom come to climb the mountains. The closest villages to Nethermost Pike are Glenridding and Patterdale, 8 km to the east, close to the shores of Ullswater. Both are common starting points for climbing Nethermost Pike or other fells in the Helvellyn range. The best ascents from the east is the east ridge, reached either from the path to Eagle Crag Mine, or via Ruthwaite Lodge and Hard Tarn. There are no settlements of note close to Nethermost Pike to the west, and many walkers start from a car park at Wythburn, close to Wythburn Church. This is a popular route which follows a wide track to Helvellyn before branching off right at Swallow Scarth. Alternatives are possible on the smooth flanks of the fell, but all are pathless.</p><br>
<p>Because of its close proximity to the higher Helvellyn, Nethermost Pike receives fewer visitors. When climbing from the west many people traverse the western slopes on their way to Helvellyn.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Geologically the summit of the fell forms part of the Deepdale Formation, (principally volcaniclastic sandstone) underlain by the dacitic lapilli-tuff of the Helvellyn Formation. The geology of much of the Lake District is the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, of which Nethermost Pike is part, and is late Ordovician in age. The eastern cliffs of the range, including those of Nethermost Pike, are rich in base minerals. When these rocks weather they form areas of fertile soil, which together with the area&#39;s inaccessibility and climate provide suitable conditions for plants of biological importance.</p><br>
<p>Mining was carried out in Ruthwaite Cove, and the remains of several levels and some shallow open workings are visible near Ruthwaite Lodge. These excavations were made in a search for lead-bearing galena, and are believed to have been worked in the 16th century. Further leases were taken out in 1784 and 1862; the last known operation was in 1880.</p><br>
<p>North-east of the summit the scene is repeated in Nethermost Cove, where the Eagle Crag Mine was mined for its lead and zinc. The vein which was exploited forms a visible gully on Eagle Crag, and was worked both above and below ground over an altitude of 300 m. The vein is surrounded by rocks from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, which dates from the Ordovician. Large dumps of veinstone are found in the area as a result of the mining. They contain, among other minerals, crystallised tetrahedrite, which is not believed to be able to be seen or collected anywhere else in Britain. Eagle Crag Mine has a history of working similar to that of Ruthwaite Lodge.</p><br>
<h2>Biological interest</h2><br>
<p>The summit and surrounding areas of Nethermost Pike contain many species and communities which are of biological interest. North east of the summit is Nethermost Cove which contains some of England&#39;s best arctic-alpine and tall-herb vegetation, including one third of the English population of Downy Willow (Salix lapponum). Similarly Ruthwaite Cove contains Arctic-alpine and tall-herb communities, and it is believed that the cove may contain very rare species of plants in very small, and therefore precarious, populations. The lower eastern slopes form Grisedale Common, a large expanse of dwarf shrub heath. The lower slopes are grazed by sheep, which has a significant effect on the type of vegetation which grows. Certain areas, such as Eagle Crag, are inaccessible to sheep due to their steep slopes.</p><br>
<p>The summit and eastern slopes of Nethermost Pike are part of the Helvellyn and Fairfield Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). This SSSI covers 2,418.8 hectare centred on the Helvellyn range and Fairfield, and was designated in 1975 because of the area&#39;s geological and biological features. Natural England, which is responsible for choosing SSSIs, tries to ensure that the management and use of the area is sustainable.</p><br>
<p>Overgrazing by sheep in Grisedale Common has damaged the vegetation to the extent that it has needed careful management. Since 2003 grazing has been limited to one ewe per hectare (2.5 acres) in summer and 0.6 ewe in winter. In summer sheep are also flushed from the coves, (Nethermost and Ruthwaite) as they contain vegetation which is susceptible to damage from summer grazing. The vegetation structure has started to improve; however, recovery is slowest on the higher land and the summit is still heavily grazed. The summit suffers erosion from the large number of walkers who climb Nethermost Pike. The use of fewer footpaths would help reduce the disturbance to the summit species.</p><br>
<p>St Margaret&#39;s Island  is a small island adjoining Caldey Island in Carmarthen Bay, Wales. Its name derives from a chapel that once stood on the site; however, in Victorian times this was converted into housing for local quarry workers, who mined limestone on the island until 1851.</p><br>
<p>St Margaret&#39;s Island is a sensitive conservation site because of the birds that nest in its cliffs: cormorants (the largest population of this species in Wales, constituting 3% of the total British population), guillemots, razorbills, shags, kittiwakes, great black-backed gulls, lesser black-backed gulls, herring gulls, puffins and, more recently, gannets. The island is vegetated with sea beet, sea mayweed and rank grass.</p><br>
<p>There is no public access to St Margaret&#39;s Island. However, the waters around it are popular with divers. It reaches 40 metres (131 feet).</p><br>
<p>Taftville is a small village in eastern Connecticut. It is a neighborhood of Norwich but has its own post office . It was established in 1866 as site for the large Taftville Mill, later Ponemah Mill. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Taftville and as alternative name Taftville/Ponemah Mill National Register Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Currently redevelopment of the large mill is being conducted by The O&#39;Neill Group in conjunction with OneKey LLC. The National Park Service will oversee the historic preservation of the structure, to ensure the historic elements are sustained. The 430,000 ft&sup2; Ponemah Mill is being converted into luxury apartments and commercial space.</p><br>
<h2>History of the Taftville Mill</h2><br>
<p>The Taftville Cotton Mill, a cotton textile factory, was built on the Shetucket River where a large dam could be built to provide power. The large mill building (Building No. 1) was purported to be the largest weave-shed under one roof at that time. The original workers were predominantly Irish immigrants, and they were hard hit by the depression of the 1870s that began with the Panic of 1873. Unemployment rose and wages dropped appreciably from 1873 to 1875, causing bitter relations between workers and management in many places.</p><br>
<p>In April 1875, the 1,200 workers went on strike. The mill owners had raised rents in company-owned housing as well as prices at the company-owned store. Wages at the time were under $10 for a 67-hour work week. In one often-cited anecdote, a workingman said he and his daughter had worked full-time for more than three months but only had four dollars between them to show for it. The immediate cause of the strike was a pay cut of 12 percent in an attempt to stop unionization. Workers were told half of the pay cut would be restored to anyone who had not participated in trying to form a union at the company.</p><br>
<p>The company replaced the workers with French Canadians, who would come to number more than 70 percent of the population. Workers were evicted from company-owned housing, and the Connecticut General Assembly passed a strict "tramp law" aimed at workers (such as those from Taftville) who became drifters after their strikes were broken.</p><br>
<p>Ponemah Mills operated for about 100 years.</p><br>
<p>A similar mill and village community is Wauregan Historic District, which is also NRHP-listed.</p><br>
<h2>Local institutions</h2><br>
<p>Taftville has a public elementary school operated by the Norwich Public School System called Wequonnoc Magnet Elementary School and a private elementary school called Sacred Heart School. Students then attend Kelly Middle School. After graduating from there, they move on to either Norwich Free Academy, Norwich Technical High School, or other surrounding high schools.</p><br>
<p>There are two churches: Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church and the Taftville Congregational Church.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people, past and present</h2><br>
<p>Among the more accomplished Taftville residents was Ned (Edward) Hanlon who managed the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1889), Pittsburgh Burghers (1890), Baltimore Orioles (1892–1898), Brooklyn Superbas (1899–1905), and the Cincinnati Reds (1906–1907). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996. Another ballplayer was the Quebec-born right fielder, Augustine "Lefty" Dugas, whose family settled in Taftville. He played for the Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators between 1930 and 1934.</p><br>
<p>In the academic arena Saunders Mac Lane, was the son of the Minister of the Taftville Congregational Church and a mathematician of world note, who spent his career at the University of Chicago, Yale and Harvard. He was the co-author of A Survey of Modern Algebra, a book which was the standard work in that field for many years.</p><br>
<p>The Todgha Gorges  are a series of limestone river canyons, or wadi, in the eastern part of the High Atlas Mountains in Morocco, near the town of Tinerhir. Both the Todgha and neighbouring Dades Rivers are responsible for carving out these deep cliff-sided canyons, on their final 40 km through the mountains. The height of the canyon walls can vary, but in some places can be up to 400 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The last 600 m of the Todgha gorge are the most spectacular. Here the canyon narrows to a flat stony track, in places as little as 10 m wide, with sheer and smooth rock walls up to 160 m high on each side.</p><br>
<p>During the dry season, the canyon floor is mostly dry; at most there will be a small stream of water. During this time, the wadi floor is easily traversed by travelers. During the rainy season, however, the Todra can expand massively, covering the canyon floor in a strong torrent.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The area is no longer as remote as it once was. A well-maintained asphalt road leads up the valley from Tinerhir to the gorge. A concrete road continues up the valley, past the hotels at the mouth of the gorge all the way to the villages of Aït Hani, Tamtatouchte, and Imilchil.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to its robust rock sides with many uneven surfaces, Todgha Gorge is popular among rock climbers. More than 150 routes rated French Grade 5+ to 8 have been bolted in the canyon.</p><br>
<h2>Film appearances</h2><br>
<p>The Todgha Gorge was featured on the premiere of the American reality show Expedition Impossible. It was also featured prominently in a 2012 advertisement for the Cadillac CTS.</p><br>
<p>Esk Pike is a fell in the English Lake District, one of the great cirque of hills forming the head of Eskdale.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Southern Fells include the highest ground in England, a horseshoe which begins with Scafell and Scafell Pike in the west and then curves around the north of Upper Eskdale to take in Great End, Esk Pike, Bow Fell and Crinkle Crags. As the name suggests, Esk Pike stands at the head of the valley, although it is not the highest of these fells.</p><br>
<p>To the north-west of Esk Pike is the depression of Esk Hause, a broad saddle carrying a number of important paths. The ‘true’ Esk Hause—so named by Alfred Wainwright in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells—is the north–south route from Borrowdale to Eskdale. A lower path—the ‘false’ Hause—runs east–west from Langdale to Wasdale, passing a stone windshelter. There are also paths climbing to the summits of Esk Pike and Allen Crags, together with the popular Calf Cove route to Scafell Pike, all contributing to make Esk Hause a confusing place in mist. The source of the main branch of the Esk flows south from the Hause, while to the north the topography is more complex. Allen Crags stands adrift from the main ridge, with the valleys of Langstrath and Grains Gill falling on either side. These combine some miles downstream to form the River Derwent, flowing through Borrowdale to Derwentwater and Keswick.</p><br>
<p>South-east of the summit of Esk Pike is Ore Gap, the col separating it from Bow Fell. The soil here is red due to haematite, and climbing lore suggests that magnetic compasses cannot be trusted in this locality. North of the gap is Angle Tarn, a feeder of the Langstrath. This round tarn occupies a corrie beneath Hanging Knotts, small trout lurking in its 50-foot depths.</p><br>
<p>Southward from the summit, Esk Pike throws out a long descending ridge into the uninhabited fastness of Upper Eskdale. This divides the Esk from its major upper tributary, Lingcove Beck, which has its beginnings at Ore Gap. Two miles in length, this ridge falls over a series of craggy steps to the confluence of the two streams at Lingcove Bridge. An old Packhorse Bridge, this is a focal point for those approaching from the south, particularly when the Esk is in spate. The south ridge has a number of subsidiary tops which are recognised by some guidebooks, the principal summits being Pike de Bield (2,657 ft / 810 m.), Scar Lathing (1,440 ft / 439 m.) and Throstlehow Crag (1,325 ft / 404 m.). Scar Lathing is particularly impressive, presenting sheer cliffs above a bend in the Esk. Although of minor significance Pianet Knott on the eastern side of the ridge also has a very striking appearance from lower down the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Laminated volcaniclastic claystones and siltstones of the Esk Pike Formation form the upper reaches, crossed by an intrusion of andesite and hybridized andesite porphyry.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit area is extremely stony, striking pale rocks being much in evidence. A series of steps rise up from Ore Gap whilst the approach from Esk Hause is rough and eroded. A small cairn on the highest craggy outcrop marks the highest point. Esk Pike&#39;s central position above Eskdale gives it glorious views of the Scafells, with the Eastern and Northern Fells also forming a fine panorama. Derwentwater and a section of Windermere complete the scene. A little to the south, Pike de Bield provides an intimate view of the upper Esk.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Being far from any roads, all ascents of Esk Pike involve considerable distance by Cumbrian standards. From Brotherikeld on the Eskdale road the climber can choose between Ore Gap, Esk Hause and the south ridge, all of these options being around five and a half miles. Borrowdale gives a choice of starting points, either making for Esk Hause from Seathwaite, or Ore Gap from Stonethwaite. Access is also possible from Great Langdale, ascending Rossett Gill from the Old Hotel. Many walkers will reach the summit indirectly having climbed Bow Fell first via the Band, or perhaps climbed from Borrowdale over Glaramara and Allen Crags.</p><br>
<p>The Kallang River  flows for 10 kilometres from the Lower Peirce Reservoir to the coast at Nicoll Highway, making it the longest river in Singapore. The river mouth was traditionally at Kallang Basin, although extensive land reclamation around the area meant the river only flows into the open sea via the Marina Channel between Marina Centre and Marina East.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In pre-colonial times, the aboriginal Biduanda Orang Kallang tribe lived in the swamps at the mouth of the Kallang River, and fished from their boats, seldom venturing out into the open sea. At the time of Sir Stamford Raffles landing in Singapore in 1819, half of the population of 1,000 were the Orang Kallang.</p><br>
<p>Kallang River was also the place, where in the early days the Bugis traders from Sulawesi (Celebes) unloaded their cargoes of spices and tortoise shells, gold dust and slaves from their palari or their leteh-leteh. These sailing boats were a common sight off the sea front even up to the 1960ss.</p><br>
<p>Today, this long, winding river has little or no industry except for a short distance, although a new industrial estate at Kallang Basin, near Kallang Bahru, has been built.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>Kallang River is now part of the water catchment area for the Marina Reservoir. A dam, the Marina Barrage, was built at the mouth of the Marina Channel at Marina South. With the completion of the Marina Barrage in 2008, the entire region comprising the basins of the Singapore River, Rochor River, Geylang River and Kallang River has transformed into a water catchment area.</p><br>
<p>In April 2006, the Singapore government announced plans to give a 200-metre stretch of the Kallang River at Kolam Ayer a S$2.5 million facelift.</p><br>
<p>The "demonstration project" by the National Parks Board (NParks) and the Public Utilities Board (PUB) is part of the Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters Programme to transform rivers and reservoirs into vibrant community hubs, and to get Singaporeans to cherish and take care of their waterways. NParks and the PUB reviewed some of the world&#39;s best rivers such as the Charles River in the United States and the Cheonggye Stream in Seoul to draw inspiration and learn best practices.</p><br>
<p>By August 2007, the Kolam Ayer stretch of the river was transformed to include more greenery, floating decks, pathways and boardwalks for recreational activities. A water wheel was introduced as the centrepiece of the project. The water level was kept at a constant level &mdash; 3 metres deep &mdash; making activities such as kayaking and dragon boating possible.</p><br>
<h2>Kallang River @ Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park</h2><br>
<p>The upstream of the Kallang River is located at Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park. Officially opened on 17 March 2012 by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong, the meandering river&#39;s capacity is now 40% more than when it was a canal. The river helps to slow the flow of rainwater so that downstream waterways have more time to drain. Bio-engineering techniques such as soil bioengineering and intensive hydraulic calculations were applied to create this. Besides slowing down rainwater, it now also offers residents a new recreational experience – soft planted river banks encourage people to get close to the water.</p><br>
<p>The Singapore River  is a river that runs parallel to Alexandra Road and feeds into the Marina Reservoir in the southern part of Singapore. The immediate upper watershed of the Singapore River is known as the Singapore River Planning Area, although the northernmost part of the watershed is classified under River Valley planning area.</p><br>
<p>Singapore River planning area sits within the Central Area of the Central Region of Singapore, as defined by the Urban Redevelopment Authority. The planning area shares boundaries with the following - River Valley and Museum to the north, Tanglin and Bukit Merah to the west, Outram to the south and the Downtown Core to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At one time, Singapore River was the very lifeblood of the colony, the trade artery, the center of commercial activity, the heart of entrepot trade, the vessel of importance, the capillaries of life and the place which was frequented by the secret societies, the swaylos (Cantonese for coolies who worked on a boat) and the coolies who worked for the philanthropist Tan Tock Seng at Ellenborough Market and the towkay (Hokkien for business owner) Tan Kim Seng who was busy filling his godown with the riches of the East.</p><br>
<p>Singapore River is where the colourful and romantic history of the river and the myths and legends can still conjure up memories of the lighters, bumboats, tongkangs with their painted eyes to see the danger ahead and sampans of yesteryear. This is where the Malayan princes once sailed and this is where the bullock carts plodded their way up and down each bank as the river found its way to the former rocky river mouth. This is also where an early civilisation was conquered by the Javanese Majapahit Empire, in the year 1376.</p><br>
<p>The river still borders places where seamen and others, for example, near Raffles Landing Place, made offerings and burned their joss sticks. Poles with streamers flying were once used to tie up the barges as the water lapped against the old stone steps and walls.</p><br>
<p>Sir Stamford Raffles lost no time after January 1819, when he landed on Singapore River among the orang laut, in bargaining with the Temenggong, the Johor chief who then ruled the place, having settled in 1811. At the very moment of landing, Raffles must have realised the importance of the river for, in the same year of 1819, the north bank was drained for government buildings and, in 1822, the south bank was reclaimed and a retaining wall and steps were built.</p><br>
<p>Through lack of knowledge or foresight, the bridges were constructed too low and the river was too shallow for the demands that were to be made on its use. This historic river, which Raffles had fashioned from salt marshes, sand bars and mangrove swamps, has witnessed the British rule and the Japanese occupation, and has supported years of economic activity by the Chinese, Malays, Indians and others. However, with the expansion of trade came congestion and pollution.</p><br>
<p>Old maps of the river state that it actually originates from Bukit Larangan (currently Fort Canning Hill).</p><br>
<h3>Pollution and cleanup</h3><br>
<p>Some 750 lighters plied along the Singapore River and Kallang Basin in 1977. Waste, oil spills and wastewater from these boats and lighters added to the pollution of the rivers. In 1977, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew called for a clean up of Singapore&#39;s rivers, which included Singapore River and Kallang River. The clean up costed the government $300 million and involved a relocation of about 4,000 squatters, along with hawkers and vegetable sellers, whose daily waste flowed into the river. Public housing was found for the squatters, while street hawkers were persuaded to move to hawker centres. The government then dredged foul-smelling mud from the banks and the bottom of the river, clearing the debris and other rubbish.</p><br>
<h3>Singapore River today</h3><br>
<p>The river is now part of the Marina Reservoir after damming the Singapore River at its outlet to the sea to create a new reservoir of freshwater. The dam is known as Marina Barrage.</p><br>
<p>Whereas the original mouth of the Singapore River emptied into Singapore Straits and its southern islands before major land reclamation took place, the Singapore River now empties into Marina Bay - an area of water partially enclosed by the reclamation work. The Port of Singapore is now located to the west of the island, using most of the south-west coast, and passenger ships to Singapore now typically berth at the Singapore Cruise Centre at Harbourfront. Thus the Singapore River&#39;s economic role has shifted away from one that of trade, towards more a role accommodated for tourism and aesthetics for the commercial zone which encloses it.</p><br>
<h2>Sculptures</h2><br>
<p>Sculpture along the Singapore River - The River Merchants by Aw Tee Hong</p><br>
<p>There are a number of sculptures along the Singapore River. Many of these depict the life of people living and working along the river during the early days of Singapore.</p><br>
<p>Notable sculptures include:</p><br>
<p>First Generation, made by Chong Fah Cheong</p><br>
<p>Fishing at Singapore River, made by Chern Lian Shan</p><br>
<p>The River Merchants, made by Aw Tee Hong</p><br>
<p>A Great Emporium, made by Malcolm Koh</p><br>
<p>From Chettiars to Financiers, made by Chern Lian Shan</p><br>
<p>Singapura Cats, made by various artists</p><br>
<p>MacRitchie Reservoir is Singapore&#39;s oldest reservoir. The reservoir was completed in 1868 by impounding water from an earth embankment, and was then known as the Impounding Reservoir or Thomson Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the early 19th century, most of the main island of Singapore was covered with primary forest. Soon after the British established a settlement in Singapore in 1819 and commercial activity took root, there was a demand for fresh water. However, it was decades before the settlement&#39;s first fresh water supply was established.</p><br>
<p>Between 1820 and 1870, a substantial portion of the virgin forest was cleared to assist Singapore in becoming an important trading post. Prior to this, Chinese planters had also worked the forested land for timber and the cultivation of crops like gambier, pepper and rubber. By 1886, only 10% of the original forest cover remained.</p><br>
<p>In 1823, British Resident John Crawfurd proposed the building of a reservoir and waterworks, setting aside $1,000 for these plans but nothing came of them. Another plan that ended up in smoke was the idea to tap the headwaters of Singapore Creek, now known as the Singapore River.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in 1857, Straits Chinese merchant Tan Kim Seng donated $13,000 for the improvement of the towns waterworks but delays, poor planning and use of the wrong building materials ate into the budget. New plans were drawn up for an impounding reservoir in Thomson. Tans money was insufficient – the cost of the new reservoir was $100,000,000 – but colonial headquarters in Calcutta refused to make up the rest of the cost. When Tan died in 1864, the reservoir was no nearer completion.</p><br>
<p>Construction was eventually completed in 1868 but the pumps and distributing network were not finished until 1877. By this time, public confidence in the government&#39;s ability was dented.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, in a move to salvage its reputation, the Municipal Council erected a fountain in Fullerton Square in honour of Tan Kim Seng. The fountain was later to moved to Queen Elizabeth Walk, where it stands today.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the holding capacity of the Impounding Reservoir or Thomson Reservoir, named after its designer John Turnbull Thomson, was expanded to over 465 e6impgal. Municipal Engineer James MacRitchie oversaw this $32,000 expansion and the reservoir was named after him in 1922. In the 1890s, he had urged the government to buy the Chasseriau Estate for use as a reservoir but it was not until much later that the purchase was made.</p><br>
<p>However, the reservoirs 4 e6impgal a day were still insufficient to meet demand. Water was pumped into the reservoir from the upper section of Kallang River, one of the islands bigger sources of fresh water. Other fresh water supplies – Lower Peirce Reservoir and Seletar Reservoir – were completed in 1912 and 1920 respectively. However, the government realised that Singapore would not be able to meet its own fresh water needs. In 1927, a water treaty was signed with the Sultan of Johor and Singapore started receiving treated water from the Gunong Pulai water project Johor in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The construction of MacRitchie Reservoir brought deforestation around the area to a halt. The forest surrounding the reservoir has been protected as a water catchment reserve. The forested areas surrounding the other two reservoirs, Peirce Reservoir and Upper Seletar Reservoir (formerly Seletar Reservoir) were also protected when these reservoirs were developed.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore the Japanese Imperial Army built a Shinto Shrine, Syonan Jinja,in the middle of the forest surrounding MacRitchie Reservoir. When the British forces re-occupied Singapore, the Shrine was destroyed. Its ruins remain but are in a closed nature reserve and visitors are asked not to try to reach it. The National Heritage Board declared the site a Historic Site in 2002, although no plans have been made public to develop or to protect the site.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>More than one square kilometre of primary forest still flourishes in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve today, particularly around MacRitchie Reservoir. Rubber trees, remnants of the plantations from the 19th century, can still be seen along the fringes of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>There are boardwalks skirting the edge of the scenic MacRitchie Reservoir and walking trails through the forest. They range in distances from 3 km to 11 km. Interpretative signboards along the boardwalks allow for a self-guided tour along the fringes of the MacRitchie forest.</p><br>
<p>The boardwalk around the perimeter of the MacRitchie Reservoir brings the visitor through interesting secondary forest in the Central Catchment nature area. The boardwalk which hugs the reservoir also allows for easy exploration of freshwater wildlife. The Ant plant (Macaranga bancana.) and pitcher plants are common in the area.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the boardwalk, another popular attraction is the HSBC TreeTop Walk, a 250 m aerial free standing suspension bridge spanning Bukit Peirce and Bukit Kalang which are the two highest points in MacRitchie. The bridge was completed in July 2004, and the TreeTop Walk was officially launched on 5 November 2004. The structure, which is 25 m at its highest point, offers visitors a panoramic view of Upper Peirce Reservoir and the surrounding lush rainforest. Jelutong Tower also offers a view of the Singapore Island Country Club golf course and the MacRitchie Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The 3.2 km and 4.8 km trails are still used as cross-country running routes for various inter-school competitions today.</p><br>
<p>Schools can be seen using the reservoir as a place for water sports such as canoeing and kayaking. There are certain competitions held there annually.</p><br>
<p>Sebatik Island  is an island off the eastern coast of Borneo, partly within Indonesia and partly within Malaysia. It is one of the 92 officially-listed outlying islands of Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>Sebatik has an area of approximately 452.2 km&sup2;. The minimum distance between Sebatik Island and the mainland of Borneo is about 1 km.</p><br>
<p>Sebatik Island lies between Tawau Bay (Teluk Tawau) to the north and Sibuku Bay (Teluk Sibuku) to the south. The town of Tawau lies in Sabah just to the north. The island is bisected at roughly 4° 10&#39; north by the Indonesia–Malaysia border - the northern part belongs to Sabah, Malaysia (Sebatik Malaysia) while the southern part belongs to North Kalimantan (previously East Kalimantan), Indonesia (Sebatik Indonesia).</p><br>
<p>Sebatik Malaysia has a population estimated to be approximately 25,000; there are approximately 80,000 people in Sebatik Indonesia.</p><br>
<p>The demarcated international border between Malaysia and Indonesia stops at the eastern edge of Sebatik Island, so that the ownership of Unarang Rock and the maritime area located to the east of Sebatik is unclear. This is one of the reasons why the Ambalat region waters and crude oil deposits east of Sebatik Island have been the centre of an active maritime dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia since March 2005. The ambiguity of the border at the eastern edge also caused a dispute over two nearby islands of Sipadan and Ligitan, both south of 4° 10&#39; N but administered by Malaysia. The territorial dispute was resolved by the International Court of Justice in 2002 which awarded the islands to Malaysia.</p><br>
<p>While there are border guards on the island, there is no immigration office, no customs house, no barbed-wire fence and no walls demarcating the border. Instead, the only evidence of a border are the concrete piles buried every kilometre from east to west.</p><br>
<p>Sebatik Island was one of the places in which heavy fighting took place between Indonesian troops and Malaysian troops during the 1963 Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation.</p><br>
<p>The North Borneo Timbers company operated a logging concession on the island until the 1980s and its mostly expatriate employees lived in a self-contained community in Wallace Bay. Sebatik Malaysia is within the administrative division of Tawau. For electoral purposes, Sebatik falls within the parliamentary constituency of Kalabakan and the state assembly district of Sebatik.</p><br>
<p>Sitangkai Indonesia (at its closest points) is approximately 175 km to Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, the second-closest point between the two countries after the Miangas island in North Sulawesi.</p><br>
<p>Tilla Jogian  is an abandoned Hindu temple and monastic complex located on the summit of the Tilla Jogian mountain in the Salt Range of Pakistan&#39;s Punjab province.</p><br>
<p>The complex was the most important centre for Hindu jogis in Punjab prior to 1947, and had housed hundreds of ascetics. The site is also important in Sikhism for its association with the founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Tilla Jogian complex is located on Pakistan&#39;s Potohar plateau, approximately 25 km west of the cities of Jhelum and Dina. The complex is located near the Jhelum River and the Grand Trunk Road – the ancient route which connected Central Asia to India. Tilla Jogian is also near the Rohtas Fort, and the Katas Raj Temples — another important Hindu pilgrimage site with a sacred pond that is said to have been created from the teardrops of the Hindu god Shiva.</p><br>
<p>Tilla Jogian complex is located in Pakistan&#39;s Salt Range, on a mountaintop of the same name. The temples are located at an altitude of 975 meters (3200 ft) near the summit of the mountain, resulting in a cooler and wetter climate relative to the Punjab plains. The complex is located in an area that is forested with olive trees, pines, and Acacia modesta.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tilla Jogian is popularly believed to have been a Hindu pilgrimage centre for at least 2000 years. The complex is said to have been established in 1st century BCE. The Kanphata jogi, an ascetic order noted for its members&#39; ear piercings, was founded by Guru Gorakhnath, and was centred at TIlla Jogian.</p><br>
<p>Tilla Jogians importance as a Hindu pilgrimage centre attracted the founder of Sikh faith, Guru Nanak who meditated here for 40 days in the early 1500s. The Mughal Emperor Akbar visited the "Shrine of Balnath," an influential and widely venerated yogi. The shine was noted by his chronicler Abul Fazal to be "so old" that its origins had become obscure, and that Akbar expressed marvel at the sites old age. The 17th century emperor, Jahangir, also visited the temple complex. Following the collapse of Mughal rule, the complex was sacked and looted by the Pashtun king Ahmad Shah Abdali, during one of his several raids into Punjab. The complex was quickly rebuilt following Abdali&#39;s defeat.</p><br>
<p>Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the late 19th century commemorated the visit of Guru Nanak with the construction of a stone-lined pond, and construction of a small monument to mark the exact spot at which Guru Nanak is said to have usually meditated.</p><br>
<p>During the British Raj, the local deputy commissioner built a bungalow at the site, having been attracted to the site for its cooler weather. The site was considered the most important pilgrimage site for jogis in Punjab prior to the Partition of British India in 1947. Immediately prior to Partition, an annual festival took place on the first day of the Hindu month of Chaitra, during which communal meals were served to all attendees.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment</h3><br>
<p>Following Partition, most of the areas Hindu population migrated to the newly independent Republic of India, abandoning the temples which remain neglected until present day. The last priest of the complex was Samandnath Jogi. When riots erupted after Partition,Samandnath Jogi reportedly appointed a local village official as caretaker of the site, and instructed him to approach the deputy commissioner to auction off the temples belongings if the Jogi did not return from India within 6 months. The local official then arranged a police escort for the Jogi to safely reach the local train station, in order to proceed onwards to Kangra, India. The Jogi did not return within the 6 month time frame, and so the temple&#39;s meagre belongings were auctioned.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The site was considered the most important pilgrimage site for jogis in Punjab and was home to hundreds of jogis prior to Partition. Tilla Jogian once also was home to a Brahminical seminary surrounded by extensive residential areas.</p><br>
<h3>Heer Ranjha</h3><br>
<p>Tilla Jogian is mentioned in the Punjabi poem Heer Ranjha, written by Waris Shah in 1766. Ranjha, the storys protagonist, who when spending his time on the rebound from heartbreak, sublimating his love and passion in the spiritual world, came here for consolation to his former love. He had his ears pierced here, following the tradition of Guru Goraknaths followers.</p><br>
<h2>Site layout</h2><br>
<p>Tilla Jogian comprises a complex of Hindu Hindu temples housing at least three baths and a network of waterworks with at least two minor dams.</p><br>
<h3>Access</h3><br>
<p>There are no developed pathways which lead to the complex - visitors must hike to the top of the mountain in order to reach the site. Near the top is an old stone pathway named the Poorhiwaala Rah which leads to the temples, after passing the Ratti Banni ravine. There are number of walking trails to reach at the top: one from Rohtas Fort side and the other from Sanghoi, on the Jhelum River side.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Local villagers have scoured the site in order to find coins and souvenirs to sell to visitors. As of 2012, the site has become overgrown by olive trees, resulting is a gradual destruction of the site.</p><br>
<p>Galinhas Island is an island in the Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Galinhas Island is located 60 km southwest of Bolama town. The Canal de Bolama separates it from Bolama Island, the easternmost island of the group that lies close to the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The area of the island is 50 km², its length is 10 km and its width is 6 km.</p><br>
<p>Galinhas Island is home to over 1,500 people. Settlements include Ambancana (Ambankana), Acampamento, Ametite and others includes Ancano (Ankano) and Anchorupe (Anshorup). Chief production are cashew nuts which are mainly exported to India.</p><br>
<p>Landmarks on the island include the former Portuguese prison and governor&#39;s house. Some boats from Bissau to Bubaque call at the island. Nearby islands and islets includes Formosa to the west and Roxa to the south.</p><br>
<p>The islet also has its own lighthouse, its class of light is Fl (3) W 15s. and has a focla height of 7 metres. Its range is 16-17 km (9 nautical miles).</p><br>
<p>Temple Bruer Preceptory is in a farm-yard in the civil parish of Temple Bruer with Temple High Grange, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire, England. It is one of the few Knights Templar sites left in England where any ruins remain standing. Its name comes from its Templar ownership and its position in the middle of the Lincoln Heath, bruyère  from the French language current at the time. It was founded in the period 1150 to 1160 and the order was dissolved in 1312. The site is at grid reference, located between the A15 and A607 roads, 2.5 mi north from Cranwell. The site has been excavated twice, firstly by the Rev Dr. G. Oliver, the rector of Scopwick in 1832-3, and in 1908 by Sir William St John Hope.</p><br>
<h2>The foundation and history of Temple Bruer Preceptory.</h2><br>
<p>The preceptory of Temple Bruer was founded late in the reign of Henry ii (1154–89), This date is based on the grant of a market by Henry II by William of Ashby de la Launde, who was admitted soon afterwards into the fraternity of the preceptory, He increased the original endowment before his death. Other benefactors were Maud de Cauz, John d&#39;Eyncourt, Robert of Everingham, William de Vescy, Gilbert of Ghent. The house seems to have been of considerable size and importance; the brethren were allowed to crenellate the great gate in 1306</p><br>
<p>Following the suppression of the order of Knight s Templar in France, Edward II followed in 1308 by sending John de Cormel, the sheriff of Lincolnshire to with 12 knights and their forces to arrest the Templars at Temple Bruer. These included William de More, the Preceptor and Grand Master of the order in England. For a tme they were held in the Clasketgate in Lincoln before being sent to the Tower of London. The order was totally suppressed by Pope Clement V in 1312, with the instruction that the Templar properties were to be transferred to the Knights Hospitallers. It took until the 1330s for the Hospitallers to recover the estates from the English King.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Sir John Babington in 1534, Sir Giles Russell was made commander at Temple Bruer. His letters show that he did not reside at Temple Bruer; but finding that the house was in a ruinous condition he made some effort to get it repaired and put it in a better condition. In 1539 Russell was made turcopolier, of the Order and being at the time in Malta, he probably saw little of his commandery before its dissolution in 1541.</p><br>
<h2>The Lands of the Preceptory</h2><br>
<p>The original endowment included lands in Ashby de la Launde, with the parish church and pasturage for sheep; lands and church at Rowston, Heckington, Burton, and were granted by benefactors of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In 1338 the revenue of the house was £177 7s. 7d., including the churches of Ashby and Rowston, the free chapel of Bruere, with lands at Bruere, Rowston, Wellingore, Ashby de la Launde, Brauncewell, and North Kirkby; the expenses were £84 0s. 2d.The clear value of the house at the dissolution was £16 19s. 10¾d., including the bailiwick of South Witham and the farm of half the rectory and the grange of Holme in Heckington, with perquisites of a court.</p><br>
<p>Beresford and Hurst listed Bruer as a Deserted Medieval Village in their definitive work. This lay to the south in a dry valley. An aerial photograph suggests that it was a walled enclosure with a gatehouse.</p><br>
<h2>Remaining site</h2><br>
<p>The ruin consists of the intact square south tower of the temple church, one of two added to the original structure during the Templars&#39; tenure, north and south of the chancel or presbytery. The Preceptory Tower is currently in the care of Heritage Lincolnshire</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse which stands to the south of the tower was built in the 1840s for Charles Chaplin of Blankney Hall. It is likely that it was designed by the architect William Adams Nicholson, who acted as estate architect for Charles Chaplin.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations on the site of the Preceptory.</h2><br>
<h3>The Excavations of the Rev. Dr. Oliver in 1833</h3><br>
<p>In 1833 Rev. Dr. Oliver was allowed to excavate the site by Charles Chaplin of Blankney Hall, who had recently acquired the Temple Bruer estates. Dr Oliver remarks: The present proprietor, Charles Chaplin Esq. of Blankney, has evinced a laudable anxiety to preserve the present Tower from ruin, by the introduction of a new roof, and by securing the cracks and fissures in the walls.</p><br>
<p>Dr Oliver’s account of his excavations paints a lurid account of the discoveries and would appear to be supporting a justification for the charges which were brought against the Lincolnshire Knights Templars who were brought to trail first in Lincoln in November 1309 and later in London in 1310. Subsequent excavation in 1908 showed that Dr Oliver’s excavation had misinterpreted the features of the Preceptory and it is possible that Dr Oliver may have encountered skeletons from a Charnel house in his excavations. It was also shown that part of the passage system described by Oliver was a crypt and the horrible cavern, the stones of which had assumed the colour of brick was a medieval oven structure</p><br>
<h3>Excavations of St John Hope in 1908</h3><br>
<p>In 1908 William St John Hope, together with Col. Reeve of Leadenham Hall, with the permission of Lord Londesborough the owner, organised extensive excavations on the site. Hope was a leading medieval archaeologist of the period and Assistant Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries.</p><br>
<p>St John Hope appears to have identified part of the precinct wall to the west of the church of 1306 Licence to crenellate, which referred to a certain part and strong gate and which was noted in the 1338 Extent as a curtilagio. He also discovered a number of slight structures the south wall of the precinct, which were probably the henhouse and stables of the Extent. A larger building lay to the south of the church. This was 36 meters long and 11.5m wide, and was probably a barn.</p><br>
<p>Hope was able to distinguish four phases of the development of the Preceptory. The first phase was the church with a round nave about 15 meters in diameter, with a ring of eight columns, which demarcated a central area from an outer aisle. To the east was a rectangular presbytery of two bays measuring about 8 meters by 4 meters with an apse at the east end. Below this lay a crypt and this may be the feature shown in the bottom left-hand corner of the Samuel Buck’s engraving of 1726 of the Preceptory. No clear indication was found of the fenestration except at the east end of the apse and there was no clear point of access to the nave, though this may have lain on the north side where outside several rock cut graves into the local limestone, were recorded. They first phase must equate with the initial foundation of the Preceptory in the mid-12th century.</p><br>
<p>The second phase dates from the later 12th century. A porch was constructed at the west end. The apse was removed and the presbytery extended two further bays to the east. This was followed by a third phase when towers were added to either side of the extended presbytery - a similar arrangement was adopted at the nearby Aslackby Preceptory. The northern tower survived as foundations, while the southern tower remains to its full height. Access to the ground floor of the tower is from the north and would formerly communicated into the presbytery.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the door are the remains of a double piscina which would have served the high altar. Above the door is a corbel that supported the ribvault of the presbytery roof while to the right is the triple shafted respond of the south side of the chancel arch. The ground floor room of the tower is a rib-vaulted chamber with windows in three sides. This room has an impressive, blind arcade on its west and south sides, with a stone bench beneath. This bench has had incorporated a double sedilia and piscina. There is a further chamber above, reached by a spiral staircase.</p><br>
<p>The fourth or final phase of building was the addition, revealed as foundations on the south side, of a chapel. The roof line of this chapel can be clearly seen on the west face of the standing tower. The photographs published by St John Hope, show that ruined appearance of the upper parts of the tower were extensively repaired at a later date.</p><br>
<h3>Temple Bruer Preceptory Gallery</h3><br>
<p>Jog Falls, Gerosoppa Falls or Joga Falls is the second highest plunge waterfall in India located near Sagara taluk, Shimoga district in the state of Karnataka. It is a segmented waterfall which, depending on rain and season, becomes a plunge waterfall. The falls are a major tourist attraction and is ranked 131th in the world by the waterfall database. They are also known as the Gersoppa Falls or Jogada Gundi.</p><br>
<p>The falls are located on the Uttara Kannada and Sagara border.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Jog Falls is created by the Sharavathi River dropping 253 m (830 ft), making it the second-highest plunge waterfall in India after the Nohkalikai Falls with a drop of 335 m (1100 ft) in Meghalaya.</p><br>
<p>Sharavathi, a river which rises at Ambutirtha, next to Nonabur, in the Thirthahalli taluk and takes the northwesterly course by Fatte petta, receives the Haridravati on the right below Pattaguppe and the Yenne Hole on the left above Barangi. On arriving at the frontier it bends to the west, precipitates itself down the Falls of Gersoppa, and passes that village (properly Geru-Sappe), which is some 29 km distant, discharging into the sea at Honnavar in North Kanara.</p><br>
<p>The Sharavati, flowing over a very rocky bed about 250 yard wide, here reaches a tremendous chasm, 290 m (960 ft) deep, and the water comes down in four distinct falls. The Raja Fall pours in one unbroken column sheer to the depth of 830 ft (250 m). Halfway down it is encountered by the Roarer, another fall, which precipitates itself into a vast cup and then rushes violently downwards at an angle of forty-five degrees to meet the Raja. A third fall, the Rocket, shoots downwards in a series of jets; while the fourth, the Rani, moves quietly over the mountain side in a sheet of foam. The Tourism Department has built steps from the viewpoint to the bottom of the hill where the waterfall can be seen at the opposite side. There are approximately 1400 steps built to reach the bottom of the hill.</p><br>
<p>A Rock climber: Jyothi Raj has scaled the jog falls.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Joga is a Kannada word meaning falls. Many Kannada speakers near Sahyadri Mountains such as in Yellapura region still use the word Joga to mean falls. The word Joga may be related to or a derivative of Kannada word javugu which means marsh (wet).</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Associated with the waterfall is the nearby Linganmakki Dam across river Sharavathi. The power station has been operational since 1948 and is of 120 MW capacity, one of the largest hydroelectric stations in India at that time and a small source of electric power for Karnataka now. The power station was previously named Krishna Rajendra hydro-electric project, after the King of Mysore at that time. The name was later changed to Mahatma Gandhi Hydro-electric Project. It was served by Hirebhaskara dam until 1960. After 1960, due to the ideas of Sir M. Visvesvarayya, Linganmakki Dam has been used for power generation. For more information check the :</p><br>
<h2>Change in flow</h2><br>
<p>Before the onset of monsoon season, when there is not much water in the Linganmakki dam, the Jog Falls are a pair of thin streams of water trickling down the cliff, as the water collected in the dam is exclusively for generation of electricity; during monsoons local rain water is the source of water to the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Power</h2><br>
<p>The hydro-electric project was conceived by the government of Mysore in mid-1943. A scheme to generate 64,000 horsepower at a cost of 358 lakh was designed. The capacity was increased subsequently and currently generates 6.7 MW of power.</p><br>
<h2>Transport connectivity</h2><br>
<p>Nearest railway station (distance to the location):</p><br>
<p>Talaguppa (13 km) and Sagara (30 km)</p><br>
<p>Honnavar (68 km) Bhatkal(90 km) which are on Mangalore - Bombay Konkan Railway route.</p><br>
<p>Nearest bus station: Sagara, Siddapura and Jogfalls bus stop. Nearest centre for private road transport is Sagara. While on the NH 66 northward one can take a right turn at Shamsuddin Circle, Bhatkal and when on southward journey one can take left Near Kamat Hotel, Honnavar to reach Jog Falls.</p><br>
<p>Nearest airport (aerial distance to the location):</p><br>
<p>Domestic</p><br>
<p>* Hubli Airport (HBX): 130 km</p><br>
<p>International</p><br>
<p>* Bengaluru International Airport (BLR): 340 km</p><br>
<p>* Mangalore International Airport (India)(Formerly Bajpe Airport) (IXE): 200 km</p><br>
<p>* Goa Airport (GOI): 246 km</p><br>
<p>Als  is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Als lies to the east of the Jutland peninsula, across from the Danish town of Sønderborg, and north of the coast of Southern Schleswig, Germany. Covering an area of 321 km (124 sq. miles), the island has a total population of 51,322 as of 1 January 2010. It is administered as part of the Sønderborg Municipality as of 1 January 2007.</p><br>
<p>To the north and east of the island are the waters of the Little Belt, to the south is Flensborg Fjord, and to the west is Als Fjord and Als Strait (Alssund).</p><br>
<p>The town of Sønderborg is the capital, and was originally entirely on the island, but has spread onto the mainland, being split by the waters of Als Strait: the strait that separates the island from Jutland, the Danish mainland and part of Als Fjord. It has a good harbour and considerable trade. The two halves of the city are connected over the fjord by two bridges: the 682 metre long Als Strait Bridge (Alssundbro), built between 1978 and 1981, carries road traffic; and the 331 metre long King Christian X&#39;s Bridge (Kong Christian Xs Bro), built between 1925 and 1930, which originally carried both road and rail traffic but is now purely for road traffic.</p><br>
<p>Ferry services are run from the town of Hardeshøj on the island to Ballebro on the Jutland mainland, and from the town of Fynshav to Søby on the island of Ærø and to Bøjden on the island of Funen.</p><br>
<p>Als is a fertile island with a thriving pig breeding industry. The island was formerly known for its fruit orchards, some of which are still in operation.</p><br>
<p>The west coast of the island has many bays and coves: Stegsvig, Sandvig, Ketting Nor, Lille Hav, Augstenborg Fjord, Kær Vig, Hørup Hav, and Dyvig. On the east coast along the Little Belt lies the 7 km Northern Forest (Nørreskov), and Lake Nordborg (Nordborg Sø).</p><br>
<p>The former municipality of Nordborg is the home of Danfoss, Denmark&#39;s largest industrial company, and a number of its subsidiaries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are many archeological finds that show the island has been inhabited from the late Stone Age. From the Bronze Age comes the.</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Ages the island came under the influence of a number of noblemen, each of which ruled over their portion of the island, and its citizens. King Christian III&#39;s son, Duke John, came in possession of the island as a titular Duchy, and he bought the other noblemen out. The island was again divided into several smaller Duchies later on, but this venture failed eventually.</p><br>
<p>The town of Augustenborg grew up around Augustenborg Palace which was established in the years after 1651 by Ernest Günther, a member of the ducal House of Schleswig-Holstein (its branch of Sønderborg), great-grandson of King Christian III, and a cadet of the royal house of Denmark. The palace, and the town consequently, received the name in honour of Ernest&#39;s wife Auguste, who was also from a branch of the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein.</p><br>
<p>The palace became the chief seat of their line which used the name Augustenborg as its branch name. Later a Danish king made the head of that line specifically Duke of Augustenborg. They grew in relative prominence in late 18th century, and the Duke of Augustenborg became the dominating person on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Duchy was taken over by the Danish Crown after the last Duke of Augustenborg to live at the palace, Christian August II, had sided with the Schleswig-Holstein pro-German nationalistic movement against Denmark. He left on March 18, 1848.</p><br>
<p>That same year during the First War of Schleswig (1848–1851), the Danes directed their main attack against Field Marshal Friedrich Graf von Wrangel&#39;s Austro-Prussian army from the lighthouse on the peninsula of Kegnæs at the southwest end of Als. In 1864 the Battle of Als took place there.</p><br>
<p>After these two wars over which nation would rule the island (and the whole of Schleswig), the following period saw the island under Prussian and German rule, although the island&#39;s population was largely Danish.</p><br>
<p>In 1870 Als was fortified by Prussia.</p><br>
<p>Following the Schleswig plebiscites of 1920, Als returned to Danish rule.</p><br>
<p>After 1920 Als has been marked by growing industry, especially after 1945 when Danfoss grew into an international corporation.</p><br>
<p>The Augustenburg line died out in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The town of Sønderborg is home to Sønderborg Castle (Sønderborg Slot) and Sandbjerg Estate (Sandbjerg Gods). Sønderborg castle is located in the centre of the town, and houses a museum focusing on the history and culture of the area. The museum is open year-round. Sandbjerg Estate, which had belonged for many years to the Dukes of Sønderborg, and then to the Reventlow family, was donated to Aarhus University in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The islands Augustenborg Palace has been converted into a hospital. There is an exhibit about the castle, the town and its ducal history in the buildings entryway. The castle church is open to the public in the summertime, and tours are given.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>The writer Herman Bang was born in 1857 Asserballe on Als and was a child during the Second War of Schleswig when the island came under Prussian/German rule. That traumatic war forms the background of Bang&#39;s novel Tine (1889), which tells the tragic love story of a young girl on the island of Als. It was translated to various other languages, making people in other countries familiar with Als.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>File:Schloss Augustenburg.jpgAugustenborg Castle</p><br>
<p>The Ruby Mountains are a mountain range, primarily located within Elko County with a small extension into White Pine County, in Nevada, United States. Most of the range is included within the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The range reaches a maximum elevation of 11,387 ft on the summit of Ruby Dome. To the north is Secret Pass and the East Humboldt Range, and from there the Rubies run south-southwest for about 80 mi. To the east lies Ruby Valley, and to the west lie Huntington and Lamoille Valleys. The Ruby Mountains are the only known range of an introduced bird, the Himalayan snowcock, in North America.</p><br>
<p>The Rubies were named after the garnets found by early explorers. The central core of the range shows extensive evidence of glaciation during recent ice ages, including U-shaped canyons, moraines, hanging valleys, and steeply carved granite mountains, cliffs, and cirques. All of these features can be seen from 12-mile Lamoille Canyon Road, a National Forest Scenic Byway which traverses Lamoille Canyon, entering the range near the town of Lamoille.</p><br>
<h2>Major features</h2><br>
<p>Major valleys include Lamoille Canyon (and its branches Thomas and Right Fork Canyons), Seitz Canyon, Box Canyon and Kleckner Canyon. Canyons to the north drain into the main stem of the Humboldt River above Elko, while a group of canyons above the Te-Moak tribal lands constitute the headwaters of the South Fork of the Humboldt River. Major summits in the central core of the range include Ruby Dome, Thomas Peak, Liberty Peak, Mount Fitzgerald, Verdi Peak, Snow Lake Peak, Mount Silliman, and Mount Gilbert. Prominent peaks further south include King, Wines, Tipton, and Pearl Peaks. North of the central core, significant peaks include Old-Man-of-the-Mountain and Soldier Peak.</p><br>
<p>Glaciers gouged out basins that are now alpine lakes. The larger of these, all located in the central core of the range, include Echo, Liberty, Favre, Lamoille, Castle, and Griswold lakes, while smaller tarns also in the central core include the scenic Island, Dollar, Verdi, Snow, Box, and Seitz lakes. Further to the north are Cold, Hidden, Soldier, and Robinson lakes, while to the south are North Furlong and Overland lakes. Water collected by the southern section of the Rubies seeps into the adjacent Ruby Valley to form the Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The eastern Great Basin is wetter than the western part in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada range. Moisture collected by this high range promoted the heavy Pleistocene glaciation and still supports a wide variety of flora and fauna. Lower elevations are covered by aspen trees, while higher up the whitebark and limber pines predominate. Mountain goats, bighorn sheep, mule deer, mountain lions, marmots, beaver, and pikas are common residents. A population of Himalayan snowcock was introduced from Pakistan, and is thriving among the high cliffs. Streams, particularly on the western slopes have populations of native Lahontan or Humboldt cutthroat trout, but many of these populations are hybridized with rainbow trout or have been displaced by brown and brook trout, all stocked for angling purposes before impacts on native trout species were well understood.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Ruby Mountains are part of the Basin and Range Province that formed as a result of extension of the North American plate. Normal faults on the eastern and western flanks of the range separate it from the basins on either side of it. The Ruby Mountains are an example of a metamorphic core complex, and middle and lower crustal rocks have been exhumed to the surface in the footwall of a large detachment fault. A mylonitic shear zone can be traced along the fault on the western margin of the Ruby Mountains, marking the contact between the igneous and metamorphic rocks in the core complex and the undeformed sedimentary rocks around it. Generally deeper rocks are exposed in the northern part of the Ruby Mountains than in the south.</p><br>
<h2>Wilderness area</h2><br>
<p>The higher altitude sections of the range were designated as the 90,000 acre Ruby Mountains Wilderness Area in 1989. The isolated Seitz and Echo Canyons are further preserved as an ecologically special Research Natural Area.</p><br>
<p>The Ruby Crest National Recreation Trail winds from Harrison Pass northward about 40 mi to the Road&#39;s End Trailhead high in Lamoille Canyon. Principal recreational access can be found at Lamoille and Soldier Canyons on the west side of the range, and at the Overland Lake Trailhead to the east.</p><br>
<p>Havelock Island  is the largest of the islands that comprise a chain of islands to the east of Great Andaman in the Andaman Islands. It belongs to the South Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The island is 41 km northeast of the capital city, Port Blair.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Havelock Island is named after a British general, Sir Henry Havelock, who served in India.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Havelock is one of the few places that the administration of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India has permitted and encouraged development of tourism, with a focus on promoting eco-tourism.</p><br>
<p>Havelock Island avoided much of the devastation by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and its resulting tsunami and there were no documented casualties.</p><br>
<p>There is a lighthouse at the northern point of the island, near Govinda Nagar, established in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to the Ritchie&#39;s Archipelago and is located between Peel Island and Neill Island.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Politically, Havelock Island is part of Port Blair taluk.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s current population of 6,351 consists of mainly Bengali settlers. Many of these settlers have Bangladeshi origin as these people were given settlement by the Indian government after the 1971 war between India and Pakistan.</p><br>
<p>The six villages are:</p><br>
<p>Govinda Nagar 2,940</p><br>
<p>Vejoy Nagar (inc. Kalapathar) 1,099</p><br>
<p>Shyam Nagar 856</p><br>
<p>Krishna Nagar 719</p><br>
<p>Radha Nagar 637</p><br>
<p>Road between Shyam Nagar and Krishna Nagar 100</p><br>
<h2>Beaches</h2><br>
<p>Radhanagar Beach on the western coast, also known as Number 7 Beach, is one of the most popular beaches on Havelock and was named "Best Beach in Asia" by Time in 2004. Other notable beaches include Elephant Beach on the northwest coast and Vijay Nagar Beach (No. 5), Beach No. 3 and Beach No. 1 on the east coast. Kalapathar is another famous beach.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island can be reached from Port Blair by government-operated ferries and private cruises. There are also helicopter services.</p><br>
<p>A local bus connects the jetty and villages on an hourly circuit.</p><br>
<p>The Geba is a river of West Africa that rises in Guinea, passes through Senegal, and reaches the Atlantic Ocean in Guinea-Bissau. It is about 340 mi in total length.</p><br>
<p>Its tributary the Colufe River joins the Geba at Bafatá. After passing by Geba town and Bambadinca, the river broadens into a wide estuary below Xime (where it is joined by the Corubal River), with a total width of about 10 mi at Bissau. The estuary widens further as the river flows into the Atlantic, forming the Bissagos Islands archipelago.</p><br>
<p>The Geba River, along with the Corubal River, drains the Bafatá Plateau. It also drains the Gabú Plain, along with the Farim River (also known as the Cacheu River), and their tributaries.</p><br>
<p>It has long been an important trade route connecting into the interior; it is accessible to 2,000-ton ships some 90 mi in, and shallow-draft vessels even further.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ridgely was a United States Army outpost  near the Dakota reservation in southwestern Minnesota . Built between 1853&ndash;1854, it was named for three officers named Ridgely who were killed in the Mexican–American War. The fort played an important role in the Dakota War of 1862. The Battle of Fort Ridgely was fought there in two engagements over August 20&ndash;22, 1862 between Army volunteers and refugees from the Minnesota River valley, and Dakota forces.</p><br>
<p>The Army abandoned the fort in 1867 and moved westward. Civilians occupied the remaining buildings and later dismantled the structures for their own use.</p><br>
<p>Today the building foundations are preserved by the Nicollet County Historical Society and owned by the Minnesota Historical Society within the boundaries of Fort Ridgely State Park. The old commissary building (partially reconstructed by the Veteran Conservation Corps in the 1930s) now houses the museum. The fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, while much of the park was added in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The James River and Kanawha Canal was a partially built canal in Virginia intended to facilitate shipments of passengers and freight by water between the western counties of Virginia and the coast. Ultimately its towpath became the roadbed for a rail line following the same course.</p><br>
<p>Surveyed and planned by George Washington, the canal project was begun in 1785 as the James River Company, and later restarted under the James River and Kanawha Canal Company. It was an expensive project which failed several times financially and was frequently damaged by floods. Though largely financed by the Commonwealth of Virginia through the Virginia Board of Public Works, it was only half completed by 1851, reaching Buchanan, in Botetourt County. When work to extend it further west stopped permanently, railroads were overtaking the canal as a far more productive mode of transportation.</p><br>
<p>After the American Civil War funds for resuming construction were unavailable from either the war-torn Commonwealth or private sources and the project did poorly against railroad competition, finally succumbing to damage done by massive flooding in 1877. In the end its right-of-way was bought and the canal was largely dismantled by the new Richmond and Allegheny Railroad, which laid tracks on the former towpath. The R&A became part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in the 1890s, which developed much of the former canal route into an important line for West Virginia bituminous coal headed eastbound for the Peninsula Extension to reach the Hampton Roads coal piers at Newport News for worldwide export aboard large colliers.</p><br>
<h2>Planning a route</h2><br>
<p>The James River and Kanawha Canal was a project first proposed by George Washington when he was a young man surveying the mountains of western Virginia, which at the time consisted of what is today West Virginia, Kentucky, and to the north bank of the Ohio river. He was searching for a way to open a water route to the West. He believed that was the key to helping Virginia become an economic powerhouse in what would emerge as the United States quite a few years later.</p><br>
<p>In those times, waterways were the major highways of commerce. Early developments along the east coast of the colonies tended to end at the fall line (the head of navigation) of the rivers that emptied into the Atlantic directly (e.g., the Hudson River) or into its great Bays (e.g., the Delaware and the Chesapeake). Such early communities in Virginia included what we now know as Alexandria on the Potomac River, Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock River, Richmond and Lynchburg on the James River and Petersburg on the Appomattox River.</p><br>
<p>It was known by then that the Ohio River flowed into the Mississippi River, which flowed into the Gulf of Mexico. It was also known that the Allegheny Mountains formed the Eastern Continental Divide, and that there was apparently no inland waterway to sail between the two large watersheds.</p><br>
<p>By 1772, Washington had identified the Potomac and James rivers as the most promising locations for canals to be built to join with the western rivers. His preference was the James, as the Potomac led to rivers in land disputed with Pennsylvania and would be equally helpful to Maryland. The James could be aligned with the Kanawha River (in what is now West Virginia), and would best serve only Virginia, which was his priority. In 1785, the James River Company was formed, with former Revolutionary War Commander in Chief George Washington as honorary president, to build locks around the falls at Richmond. By then, Washington was quite busy with the affairs of the new nation, in 1789 being elected its first president.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Promoted by such men as George Washington, Edmund Randolph, and John Marshall, the James River Company opened in 1790 as the first commercial canal in the United States. Stretching from Richmond, Virginia to Westham, Virginia and paralleling the James for 7 mi, it supplemented existing bateaux transportation on the James River. These flat-bottomed boats floated down the James to Richmond laden with tobacco hogsheads and returned with French and English imports, furniture, dishes, and clothing.</p><br>
<p>In addition to bateaux, many canal boats were packets, which drew more water than the smaller bateaux. Mules and horses pulled the packets along the towpaths. Locks were necessary at points where the river had rapids. The American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 each slowed construction. Work was slow, expensive, and very labor-intensive through the rocky terrain of Virginia&#39;s Piedmont region, a transitional area between the sandy coastal plain and the mountains. Enslaved Africans hired from plantation owners who lived near the route of the canal did most of the labor. After work stalled for a number of years the canal company went broke and gave up.</p><br>
<p>In 1820, the Commonwealth of Virginia took control of the project and with state funds provided through the Virginia Board of Public Works resumed construction. Work stalled yet again, then resumed in 1835 under the new James River and Kanawha Company, with Judge Benjamin Wright as Chief Engineer. He was assisted by his son Simon Wright, Charles Ellet Jr., and Daniel Livermore. By 1840, the canal was completed to Lynchburg. Service was inaugurated by William Henry Harrison who was elected president that same year. In 1847, Walter W. Gwynn was hired as Chief Engineer, with Edward Lorraine as his assistant.</p><br>
<p>The canal eventually extended 196.5 mi west of Richmond to Buchanan by 1851. There, the plan was to link it to the James River and Kanawha Turnpike to provide passage through the most rugged portions of the mountains. The goal was to reach the Kanawha River at its head of navigation, about 30 mi east of today&#39;s Charleston, West Virginia. The portage necessary made competition with railroads along the same route a real threat. Construction of a planned railroad there was delayed by the American Civil War. However, both war damage and interruption in the flow of commerce along the canal did great harm to it.</p><br>
<h2>Competition with railroads</h2><br>
<p>Railroads began to emerge as a more efficient form of transportation in the 1830s, midway in the canal&#39;s construction. In spite of the appointment of former Confederate general Armistead Lindsay Long as Chief Engineer following his service in the Civil War (1861–1865), damage which the canal incurred during the conflict was never completely repaired.</p><br>
<p>By the time the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was built through to the Ohio River in 1873, the canal&#39;s fate was clear. The James River and Kanawha Canal Company was authorized in 1876 to build the Buchanan and Clifton Forge Railway to connect the westernmost point of the canal with the C&O.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1878, both the canal and the Buchanan and Clifton Forge Railway were sold to the Richmond and Allegheny Railroad company, which built tracks along the towpaths. That railroad was sold to the C&O, establishing Clifton Forge as the division point of the large east-to-west system that resulted when the pioneer railroads were combined under the Chesapeake and Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Today, CSX trains loaded with coal from the mountains follow the old canal route, much of it at a gentler "water level" grade, headed to port at Newport News at Hampton Roads. The Buckingham Branch Railroad, a short-line railroad, has a lease to operate the original C&O alignment over the former Virginia Central Railroad, including the Mountain Subdivision.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<h3>Richmond canal walk</h3><br>
<p>In the second half of the 20th century, portions of the old canal, locks and turning basins became the source of renewed interest in Richmond, Lynchburg and at other points along the line. As part of Richmond&#39;s revival and redevelopment of its waterfront, a portion of the canal was restored.</p><br>
<p>The 138 acre James River and Kanawha Canal Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The historic district included one contributing building, nine contributing sites, and 21 contributing structures. Several historical exhibits about the canals and the City of Richmond are dispersed along the way.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can also visit Three Mile Lock or Pumphouse Park located behind the Carillon in William Byrd Park. This park was a mark at 3 mi for the old canal system. It contains parts of the old 18th century locks, gatekeepers house, and the Citys 1901 historic water pumping station called the Byrd Park Pumphouse. The City is working on plans to return the pumphouse to some form of public use by restoring its old dance floor (original upper level was built for public events) and opening the oldest section for tours. The park is popular with fisherman and dog lovers, and is near the Ship Yard.</p><br>
<p>The western entrance of the Richmond portion of the Canal lies near the village of Sabot in Goochland County while the eastern lies in the city near the Richmond Deepwater Terminal. Sufficient waterflow appears to be provided by Bosher Dam, an 1835 structure located on the western side of the city.</p><br>
<h3>Lock-Keeper's House</h3><br>
<p>The Lock-Keepers House is a historic home located near Cedar Point, Goochland County, Virginia. It was built about 1836 to serve Lock Number 7 and is the last remaining lock-keepers house of the James River and Kanawha Canal system.</p><br>
<h3>Varney's Falls Dam</h3><br>
<p>Varney&#39;s Falls Dam is a historic lock and dam structure on south side of the James River near Gilmore Mills, Botetourt County, Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>Restored lock</h3><br>
<p>There is a restored lock off the James River where it is crossed by the Blue Ridge Parkway. A visitor center is located in Amherst County just north of the bridge crossing the river. The canal lock in Bedford County is accessed by a path and a walkway underneath the bridge.</p><br>
<h3>Midland Trail</h3><br>
<p>Much of the former James River and Kanawha Turnpike portage route through West Virginia is today the Midland Trail, a National Scenic Byway.</p><br>
<h3>Washington and Lee University</h3><br>
<p>Stock from the canal worth $20,000 was given to Liberty Hall Academy in Virginias Shenandoah Valley by George Washington as an endowment. That gift prompted the renaming of the Academy to Washington College, which became todays Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Bubiyan Island  is the largest island in the Kuwaiti coastal island chain situated in the north-western corner of the Persian Gulf, with an area of 863 km&sup2;. The island is uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>The island is mostly flat and low, salt marshes cover most of the coast. There are some intermittent wadis in the center of the island.</p><br>
<p>It is separated from the Iraqi mainland in the northeast by the Al-Zubayr channel and from the Kuwaiti mainland in the southwest by the Al-Sabiyyah channel. The latter channel trends around the northern end of Bubiyan Island, separating it from Warbah Island. 5.4 km northwest of Ras al Barshah, the southernmost point, Bubiyan is linked to the mainland by a concrete girder bridge over the Khawr as Sabiyah channel, 2.38 km long, built in 1981-1983 and opened February 1983, which is for military use only.</p><br>
<p>During the Gulf War of 1991, four spans of the bridge were destroyed; they have been rebuilt in 1999. The island itself was converted to a military base in 1991 and has served as one ever since.In November 1994, Iraq formally accepted the UN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled out in Security Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1992), and 833 (1993) which formally ended an earlier claim to Bubiyan Island.</p><br>
<p>In response to Kuwait becoming the 169th signatory of the Ramsar Convention, the Mubarak al-Kabeer reserve was designated as the countrys first Wetland of International Importance. The 50,948 hectare reserve consists of small lagoons and shallow salt marshes and is important as a stop-over for migrating birds on two migration routes; Turkey to India and Eurasia to Africa. Breeding water-birds include the worlds largest breeding colony of Crab-plover (Dromas ardeola), and the surrounding sea is major nursery for many commercial fish species.</p><br>
<p>Bozeman Pass el. 5,702 ft is a mountain pass situated approximately 13 mi east of Bozeman, Montana and approximately 15 mi west of Livingston, Montana on Interstate 90. It separates the Bridger and Gallatin mountain ranges.</p><br>
<p>It is named after pioneer John Bozeman, a young Georgian who opened the Bozeman Trail from Fort Laramie, Wyoming to Virginia City, Montana in 1863, via the pass which now bears his name. The pass is part of a transcontinental railroad route constructed by the Northern Pacific Railway between Saint Paul, Minnesota and Tacoma, Washington. The Northern Pacific opened a 3,652 ft tunnel under the Pass in 1884. A shorter 3,015 ft tunnel just north of the original opened in 1945. The tracks are now used by Montana Rail Link.</p><br>
<p>Sacagawea, the Shoshone woman who guided parts of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (the Corps of Discovery), led Captain William Clark and his party of ten men through the pass on July 15, 1806. They were eastward bound and planned to explore the Yellowstone River to its mouth, where they were to rejoin Captain Meriwether Lewis and party, who were returning eastward via the Missouri River.,</p><br>
<p>Palaio Faliro  is a coastal district and a municipality in the southern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. At the 2011 census it had 64,021 inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Palaio Faliro is situated on the east coast of the Phalerum Bay, a bay of the Saronic Gulf, 6 km southwest of Athens city centre. The municipality has an area of 4.574 km. It is surrounded by other districts of Athens: Kallithea, Nea Smyrni, Agios Dimitrios and Alimos. The Pikrodafni stream flows into sea on the border of Palaio Faliro and Alimos.</p><br>
<p>The seaside area was redeveloped for the 2004 Summer Olympics, and now contains a seaside promenade, several sports venues, a marina and the Park of Maritime Tradition, where museum ships are exhibited.</p><br>
<p>The neighbourhoods of Palaio Faliro are Amfithea, Batis, Edem, Panagitsa, Floisvos, Palmyra, Pikrodafni, Agia Varvara and Kopsachila.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The conventions for writing and Romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ markedly, which can create confusion. Thus the Greek name Φάληρον (Phaleron) can appear in various forms in English (Phalerum, Faliro, etc.), according to the historical context, disguising the fact that it is the same word.</p><br>
<p>Phaleron was an important place in antiquity, then as now one of the demes of Attica, however a precise definition of its Classical topography is lacking, although the location of the deme is well established. Pausanias records that it was on the coast, equidistant from Athens and Cape Kolias (i.e. Ayios Kosmas) at 20 stadia. Strabo enumerates the coastal demes east of Piraeus and starts with Phaleron. The site of the ancient town appears to be the area and headland around the church of St. George, with the harbour to the west in the open roadstead. Remains of conglomerate blocks have been found crossing the heights of Old Phaleron to the sea and these are likely to be part of the Phaleric Wall recorded by Thucydides.</p><br>
<p>Before the 5th century B.C. Phaleron was the port of Athens, as it is least distant from the city. Thus the Athenians sailing to Troy would have departed from Phaleron. But Themistocles, when he became pre-eminent in the government of the Athenians, arranged that Piraeeus be the main port, as it was more convenient for seafarers.</p><br>
<p>Pausanias, in the Roman period, notes that Phaleron contained an altar to the unknown god (by the Temple of Zeus in Phaleron), which was referred to by St. Paul when he visited Athens. In the reign of the emperor Justinian, Stephanus of Byzantium, in his geographical dictionary Ethnica, records Phaleron as a deme and port of Attica.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the period of Frankish rule, which followed the Roman-Byzantine empire, Athens was confined within the late Roman walls and the area beyond became a wasteland.</p><br>
<p>In the Ottoman period the port was known as Porto Vecchio (old port) and its harbour was located near the church of St. George, once a chapel dedicated to St. Nicholas. The harbour also had the name Skala of St. Nicholas. In 1674 the English Consul in Athens, Jean Giraud, called this location "Three Towers" or Tripyrgi, a place-name that was retained into the 19th century. Most likely the name was created in medieval times because of the presence of ancient ruins in this area.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Phaleron took place in 1827 as part of an ill-fated action to relieve the Greeks besieged in the Acropolis, during the Greek War of Independence. In February 1827, Colonel Thomas Gordon landed at Phaleron and took the heights around St.George’s of the Three Towers. However the attempt to advance on the Acropolis was a disaster and it capitulated in June.</p><br>
<p>The area came to be known as old Phaleron in the later 19th century, following the development of the settlement of Neo Phaleron in 1850-1860, now a suburb of Piraeus. Before 1920 old Phaleron was a small seaside village where the houses were few and between which there were long stretches of wheat, barley and oats as well as many vineyards. Some of the men were fishermen, but most were farmers, shepherds and stock breeders. In 1883 the first public transport connecting old Phaleron with Athens was inaugurated, a horse-drawn tram line. In 1890 steam trams were introduced and it was later electrified.</p><br>
<p>In the western ‘Delta’ area a sea plane airport was started in August 1926, with the first international route Brindisi - Faliro - Istanbul. In the 20th century there was a rapid growth in population, reflected in upgrades in municipal government (see below).</p><br>
<p>Many Greeks from Istanbul (Constantinople) came to live in Palaio Faliro, especially after 1974, and now form a very active and prominent community.</p><br>
<p>In January 2005, a 1.8 m tall marble torso of a young man was found in the Pikrodafni streambed at the intersections of Pikrodafnis and Dimokratias Streets. The statue dates back to the 1st century AD, and was a copy of a 4th-century BC classical original that may depict Apollo Lykeios. It was said the statue could have been recently discovered by builders during construction work, and dumped in the streambed for fear archaeologists might stop the works if alerted to the find.</p><br>
<p>During the 2000s, especially during the Summer Olympics 2004, Palaio Faliro saw major improvements in its infrastructure, such as the establishment of the Tram Line 3 that serves the southern coastal area of Athens.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>In 1925 Palaio Faliro was established as a local government Community (i.e. civil parish or township) with the Presidential Decree 27/8/1925.</p><br>
<p>In 1942, Palaio Faliro, together with Kalamaki, became a municipality, with K. Toufexí̱s as the first mayor. Kalamaki (now in Alimos municipality) was separated in 1945.</p><br>
<p>Mayors of Palaio Faliro</p><br>
<p>K. Toufexis (1/9/1942 - 28/1/1945)</p><br>
<p>K. Ntaí̱s (29/1/1945 - 11/2/1946)</p><br>
<p>A. Magriplí̱s (11/2/1946 - 11/4/1946)</p><br>
<p>K. Ntaí̱s (11/4/1946 - 17/6/1946)</p><br>
<p>I. Ntávari̱s (17/6/1946 - 9/8/1950)</p><br>
<p>G Sakellaríou (17/8/1950 - 24/5/1951)</p><br>
<p>I. Láppas (24/5/1951 - 9/6/1959)</p><br>
<p>N. Psarráki̱s (9/6/1959 - 25/5/1970)</p><br>
<p>E. Zi̱simopoúlou (29/5/1970 - 13/7/1970)</p><br>
<p>S. Vlachópoulos (13/7/1970 - 17/9/1974)</p><br>
<p>G. Chronópoulos (17/9/1974 - 24/9/1974)</p><br>
<p>D. Bavarézos (24/9/1974 - 6/4/1975)</p><br>
<p>D. Kapsanis (6/4/1975 - 31/12/1986)</p><br>
<p>G. Chrysoverídis (1/1/1987 - 31/12/1998)</p><br>
<p>D. Kapsanis (1/1/1999 - 31/12/2002)</p><br>
<p>D. Hatzidakis (1/1/2003 - )</p><br>
<p>The municipal council has 41 members.</p><br>
<p>In the municipal election of 2014, the seats achieved by each party were as follows:</p><br>
<p>27 seats - New Force for Phaleron (New Democracy), aligned with mayor Dionysis Hajidakis</p><br>
<p>6 seats - Radical Left (SYRIZA)</p><br>
<p>3 seats – Independent Municipal Force with Phaleron</p><br>
<p>2 seats – Democratic Rally</p><br>
<p>2 seats – We for Phaleron</p><br>
<p>2 seats – Greek Dawn</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The main avenues of Palaio Faliro are the seaside Poseidonos Avenue, which connects it with the city and port of Piraeus and the southern suburbs, and the Andrea Syngrou Avenue respectively, which connects Palaio Faliro with the city centre of Athens. Palaio Faliro is served by the Athens Tram and by its Bus system. Palaio Faliro has a direct connection to the Athens International Airport via its express bus line X96.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>The Flisvos Public Park at Palaio Faliro, next to the Marina of Flisvos, is a common destination for cultural activities and public events in Palaio Faliro, as well as a place for relaxation for the local population and tourists. It is located just next to the sea beach and provides benches and ample space for jogging or gymnastics.</p><br>
<p>Other landmarks include:</p><br>
<p>Cultural Centre of Palaio Faliro</p><br>
<p>Marina of Flisvos</p><br>
<p>Saint Mary church (Panagitsa)</p><br>
<p>Park of Maritime Tradition, including the historical warships Georgios Averof, Velos, and the replica of the ancient Athenian trireme Olympias.</p><br>
<p>Village Cinemas Complex</p><br>
<p>Kimatothrafstis (Wave-breaker)</p><br>
<p>Phaleron World War II Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center (upon completion in 2016)</p><br>
<p>The Evgenidio Foundation (better known as: The Athenian Planetarium)</p><br>
<p>Parts of the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex, such as the Faliro Sports Pavilion Arena, that were intended for the usage for the 2004 Summer Olympics</p><br>
<p>National Historical Museum of the Hellenic Air Force</p><br>
<h2>Churches of Palaio Faliro</h2><br>
<p>The oldest church of Palaio Faliro is the chapel of St. George in Xirotagaro, next to the Museum of Naval Tradition. It was built probably in the 17th century, when the area was known by the Turks as Three Towers. Restored 1985.</p><br>
<p>The large church of St. Alexander is the metropolis of Palaio Faliro and is located in St. Alexander Street, the main commercial thoroughfare, at the corner with Alcyonis Street. In order to satisfy the spiritual needs of the growing population of Palaio Faliro the church was founded at the behest of the "Urban League of Palaio Faliro" on 5 June 1916, in honour St. Alexander, Archbishop of Constantinople. The foundation stone was laid by the then prince, later king, Alexander of the Hellenes. The church was completely rebuilt on the same site in 1952.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Assumption of Mary is in Achilles Street. It is a large and imposing building on the model of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The first church was built in 1930 and burned down in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The church of St. Barbara, in St. Barbara Avenue, gave its name to the district of the same name in Paleo Faliro. Initially built in 1936 as a wooden chapel, the current Byzantine style church was completed in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The church of Ayia Kyriaki, in Amfitheas Street, was founded in 1955 as a private wooden church. It became a parish church in 1957. The present stone building was built in 1964 and the site includes a separate stone tower at the corner with Palaeologos Street.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The Scouts of Greece have a Sea Scout Group in Palaio Faliro. Palaio Faliro also has an A1 water polo team named AC Palaio Faliro.</p><br>
<p>Palaio Faliro is also home to its professional basketball club Paleo Faliro B.C., which is currently in the Greek Second Division.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people and residents</h2><br>
<p>Pavlos Kountouriotis</p><br>
<p>Christodoulos of Athens</p><br>
<p>Dimitrios Levidis</p><br>
<p>Kostas Rigopoulos</p><br>
<p>Yanis Varoufakis</p><br>
<p>Nikolaos Vokos</p><br>
<p>Vera Zavitsianou</p><br>
<p>Demetrius of Phalerum</p><br>
<p>Myers Park is a neighborhood and historical district in Charlotte, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>Though its boundaries originally coincided with the boundaries of the 1,220 acre John Spring Myers farm, the neighborhood, by 2008, comprised 2,200 acre and had a population of 9,809. Myers Park is bounded by Queens Road to the north; Providence Road to the east; Sharon Road to the south; and Park Road to the west.</p><br>
<p>Neighborhoods that border Myers Park include Dilworth and Sedgefield to the west, Eastover to the east, Charlotte center city to the north, and South Park and Foxcroft to the south.</p><br>
<p>Myers Park is widely considered to be the most affluent and reputable neighborhood in the city of Charlotte.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charlotteans today know the Myers Park neighborhood as one of the citys prestige addresses, an area of fine homes, tree-lined streets, and curving drives. Few realize that the neighborhoods importance extends far beyond Charlotte. Myers Park is of statewide significance because it was the home of many of the textile, banking, and utility leaders responsible for developing the Piedmont Carolinas into a major American manufacturing region in the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>John Springs Myers had already carved off part of his farm to create the Cherry neighborhood in 1891. His new dream was to turn the rest of his large cotton farm into an elegant suburb. He spent many evenings discussing the plan with his family and especially with his son-in-law, George Stephens. Stephens, who came to Charlotte after graduating from the University of North Carolina, joined the insurance firm of Walter Brem in 1896.</p><br>
<p>A talented businessman, Stephens was able to take advantage of the excellent opportunities that turn-of-the-century Charlotte provided, and he quickly became involved in several schemes. He and Brem joined realtor F.C. Abbott and textile banker B.D. Heath in developing part of Elizabeth, and in 1901, Stephens, Abbott, and Word H. Wood set up the Southern States Trust Company (which became NationsBank). In 1911, he founded the Stephens Company with Word Wood and A.J. Draper, and began to turn his father-in-laws dream into a reality. Moved by the same fashion consciousness as E.D. Latta, the company hired a city planner to make the plans. They chose John Nolen, whose design for Independence Park had impressed Stephens a great deal. It was a good choice, for Nolen later became one of the nations top planners with over 400 projects to his name.</p><br>
<p>Nolen&#39;s vision for Myers Park was to use the natural curves, gentle hills, and creeks to create a secluded glen cut off from the city. A major boulevard would unite the whole and provide trolley service to homes scattered along winding side roads. The results earned Myers Park national acclaim as the "finest unified subdivision south of Baltimore." To the modern visitor, the New South Neighborhoods appear to have been constructed in the midst of a forest, but in fact this was not the case. It is hard to imagine those first years when it must have been plain to new residents that they were living on former cotton fields, and it was only hard work that changed the scenery. In Myers Park that work began in 1915, when Nolen hired the landscape architect Earle Sumner Draper to turn the almost treeless farmland into a suburban park. "Willow, oak, tulip poplar, and elm" were selected to grace the sidewalks and gardens. Early buyers even had their lots landscaped free of charge. Not a man to let nature take its own time, James B. Duke insisted that large trees be planted as well, and summoned one of his estate gardeners to oversee the task.</p><br>
<p>The history of Myers Park may be broken into three eras. First is its creation on the land of J. S. Myers under the direction of developer George Stephens, with the design guidance of John Nolen and Earle Sumner Draper. This era lasted from 1911 till Stephens departure in 1922. The second period lasted from 1922 until 1935. Myers Park filled out, but some of Nolen and Drapers concepts were set aside, and the area developed with less green space and more small houses on small lots than they had envisioned. In the third era, from 1935 to the present, the professionally trained planners ideas were totally forgotten as the neighborhood was completed. In the sixties much of the Nolen-designed area was even zoned for redevelopment, and only in the last few years have Nolen and Drapers contributions begun to be appreciated and safeguarded.</p><br>
<h2>Myers Park Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Myers Park Historic District is a national historic district located at Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 670 contributing buildings, 4 contributing sites, and contributing structures in the planned streetcar suburb of Myers Park. It was developed after 1911 and includes notable examples of Bungalow / American Craftsman, Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed James Buchanan Duke House. Other notable buildings include the John Jamison House (1912) and H.M. McAden House (1917) designed by noted architect Louis H. Asbury, five buildings dated to 1916 on the Queens College campus, Lambeth-Gossett House (1916), J. Luther Snyder House (1920), Myers Park Moravian Church (1924), Myers Park Presbyterian Church (1928), and Myers Park United Methodist Church (1929).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Of the 9,809 people living in Myers Park in 2008, 2,249 were under 18 years of age; approx. 1,511 were over 64 years of age. There were 4,643 housing units in Myers Park. The median household income was $109,772. The average house value in Myers Park was $778,762.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Mass transit</h3><br>
<p>The following buses from the Charlotte Area Transit System (CATS) serve Myers Park:</p><br>
<p>#6 (Kings Drive)</p><br>
<p>#14 (Providence Road)</p><br>
<p>#15 (Randolph Road)</p><br>
<p>#18 (Selwyn Avenue)</p><br>
<p>#19 (Park Road)</p><br>
<p>#20 (Queens/Sharon Road)</p><br>
<h3>Roads</h3><br>
<p>Providence Road, Kings Drive, and Queens Road are major thoroughfares in Myers Park. The highly confusing intersection of "Queens and Queens and Providence and Providence" in front of the Myers Park Library is legendary, as when traveling toward Uptown Charlotte on Providence Road, one must actually turn right at the intersection to stay on Providence, not go straight.</p><br>
<h2>Education and libraries</h2><br>
<h3>School system</h3><br>
<p>Residents of Myers Park attend Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, including Myers Park High School, Alexander Graham Middle School, Myers Park Traditional Elementary School, and Selwyn Elementary School.</p><br>
<h3>Colleges and universities</h3><br>
<p>Queens University</p><br>
<p>University of North Carolina- Charlotte</p><br>
<p>Johnson C. Smith University</p><br>
<h3>Libraries</h3><br>
<p>Myers Park is served by the Myers Park Branch of the Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County. The library is located at the corner of Queens Road and Providence Road.</p><br>
<h2>Sites of interest</h2><br>
<p>Theatre Charlotte - Charlottes oldest arts organization and the states longest running community theatre</p><br>
<p>Manor Theatre - one of Charlotte&#39;s oldest movie theatres</p><br>
<p>Duke Mansion - 400 Hermitage Road</p><br>
<p>Edgehill Park</p><br>
<p>Myers Park Baptist Church</p><br>
<p>Little Church on the Lane - originally Myers Park Moravian Church</p><br>
<p>Myers Park United Methodist Church</p><br>
<p>Christ Church</p><br>
<p>Myers Park Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>The Velikaya  is a river in Novosokolnichesky, Pustoshkinsky, Sebezhsky, Opochetsky, Pushkinogorsky, Ostrovsky, Palkinsky, and Pskovsky Districts of Pskov Oblast, as well as in the city of Pskov in Russia. It is a major tributary of Lake Peipus and belongs to the basin of the Narva River. It is 430 km long, and the area of its basin 25,200 km&sup2;. The name of the river means literally "Grand" or "Great" in Russian. The towns of Opochka, Ostrov and Pskov are located on the banks of the Velikaya. The principal tributaries of the Velikaya are the Alolya River , the Issa River , the Sorot River , the Sinyaya River , the Utroya River , the Kukhva River , the Cheryokha River , and the Pskova River .</p><br>
<p>The source of the Velikaya is located in the Bezhanitsy Hills in the northwest of Novosokolnichesky District. The river flows south through a system of lakes to Lake Veryato, where it turns west. It accepts the Alolya from the right and gradually turns north, passing through the town of Opochka. Northwest of the urban-type settlement of Pushkinskiye Gory it turns west, accepts the Sinyaya from the left and turns north. In the city of Pskov the Velikaya accepts the Pskova from the right and turns northwest, forming a river delta as it enters Lake Peipus.</p><br>
<p>The drainage basin of the Velikaya comprises vast areas in the west and southwest of Pskov Oblast, as well as in the east of Latvia and in the north of the Vitebsk Region of Belarus.</p><br>
<p>The river has a significant historic importance. Pskov was founded in 903, and the Velikaya provided it with access to the sea, via Lake Peipus and the Narva River.</p><br>
<p>The Velikaya is navigable in its lower course (34 km).</p><br>
<p>Huascarán is a mountain in the Peruvian province of Yungay , situated in the Cordillera Blanca range of the western Andes. The highest southern summit of Huascarán  is the highest point in Peru, the northern part of Andes  and in all of the Earth&#39;s Tropics. Huascarán is the fourth highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere and South America after Aconcagua, Ojos del Salado, and Monte Pissis. The mountain was named after Huáscar, a 16th-century Inca emperor who was the Sapa Inca of the Inca empire.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has two distinct summits, the higher being the south one (Huascarán Sur) with an elevation of 6,768 m.</p><br>
<p>Huascarán gives its name to Huascarán National Park which surrounds it, and is a popular location for trekking and mountaineering. The Huascarán summit is one of the points on the Earths surface farthest from the Earths center, closely behind the farthest point, Chimborazo in Ecuador.</p><br>
<p>The summit of Huascarán is the place on Earth with the smallest gravitational force.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Huascarán is normally climbed from the village of Musho to the west via a high camp in the col that separates the two summits, known as La Garganta. The ascent normally takes five to seven days, the main difficulties being the large crevasses that often block the route. The normal route is of moderate difficulty and rated between PD and AD (depending on the conditions of the mountain) according to the International French Adjectival System.</p><br>
<p>Climbing Huascaráns has become increasingly dangerous due to climate change. On July 20, 2016, nine climbers were caught in an avalanche on Huascaráns normal route at approximately 5,800 m, four of whom died.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The summit of Huascarán Sur was first reached on 20 July 1932 by a joint German&ndash;Austrian expedition. The team followed what would become later the normal route (named today Garganta route). The north peak (Huascarán Norte) had previously been climbed on 2 September 1908 by a USA expedition that included Annie Smith Peck, albeit this first ascent is somewhat disputed.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, a group of eight amateur mountaineers, the "Social Climbers", held what was recognised by the Guinness Book of Records (1990 edition) to be "the world&#39;s highest dinner party" on top of the mountain, as documented by Chris Darwin and John Amy in their book The Social Climbers, and raised £10,000 for charity.</p><br>
<h3>Huascarán Norte</h3><br>
<p>Apart from the normal route, climbed in 1908 and rated PD+/AD-, all the other routes are committing and serious.</p><br>
<p>Northwest ridge (Italian route), rated ED1/ED2 climbed on 25 July 1974 by E. Detomasi, C. Piazzo, D. Saettone and T. Vidone.</p><br>
<p>Northwest face (Polish-Czech variant), rated ED1/ED2, climbed on 14 July 1985 by B. Danihelkova, Z. Hoffmanova, A. Kaploniak, E. Parnejko and E. Szezesniak.</p><br>
<p>North face (Paragot route), rated ED1, climbed on 10 July 1966 by R. Paragot, R. Jacob, C. Jacoux and D. Leprince-Ringuet.</p><br>
<p>North face (Swiss route), rated ED2+, climbed on 23 May 1986 by D. Anker and K. Saurer. This route requires at least four days on the face.</p><br>
<p>North face (Spanish route), rated ED2+, climbed on 20 July 1983 by J. Moreno, C. Valles and J. Tomas.</p><br>
<h3>Huascarán Sur</h3><br>
<p>As for the North summit, apart the normal route all the others are difficult.</p><br>
<p>West ridge (Shield route), rated D+, climbed on 15 June 1969 by W. Broda, S. Merler and B. Segger. Approach as for the Garganta route but after the route develops over the knife-edge West ridge before getting to the summit icefield.</p><br>
<p>West ridge direct (Lomo fino oroute), rated TD-, was climbed on 7 July 2007 by M. Ybarra and S. Sparano. Approach as for the Garganta route but after the route develops straight over the West face.</p><br>
<p>Northeast ridge (Spanish route), rated TD+, was climbed on 18 July 1961 by F. Mautino, P. Acuna, A. Perez and S. Rivas. The route starts from Chopicalqui col, takes across the upper part of the Matara glacier and reaches the northeast ridge developing across cornices and snow mushrooms.</p><br>
<h2>1970 earthquake</h2><br>
<p>On 31 May 1970, the Ancash earthquake caused a substantial part of the north side of the mountain to collapse. The avalanche mass, an estimated 80 e6m3 of ice, mud and rock, was about half a mile wide and a mile long (0.5x1 mi). It advanced about 11 mi at an average speed of 280 to 335 km/h, burying the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca under ice and rock, killing more than 20,000 people.</p><br>
<p>At least 20,000 people were also killed in Huaraz, site of a 1941 avalanche which killed over 6000 (see Palcacocha Lake). Estimates suggest that the earthquake killed over 66,000 people.</p><br>
<p>Also buried by an avalanche was a Czechoslovak mountaineering team, none of whose 15 members were ever seen again.</p><br>
<p>This and other earthquake-induced avalanche events are often described incorrectly as "eruptions" of Huascarán, which is not of volcanic origin.</p><br>
<p>An earlier avalanche on January 10, 1962, caused by a rapid rise in temperature,</p><br>
<p>killed an estimated 4,000 people.</p><br>
<p>Kodachadri is a mountain peak with dense forests  in the Western Ghats in South India . It is declared as natural heritage site by Government Karnataka. and it is 10th highest peak of Karnataka.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name comes from native word "Kodacha" or "Kodashi" which means hill of Kutaja flowers and "Adri" a Sanskrit word, both combined together coined the word Kodachadri. Kutaja in Sanskrit means Girimallika or Jasmine of the hill. The hilly region that is full of Jasmine of the hills plants is "Kutajagiri". It is also called "Kutachadri" and "Kodashi Parvatha".</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kodachadri forms a background to the famous temple of Mookambika in Kollur. It is located at a distance of 21 km from Kollur</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Situated in the middle of the Mookambika National Park and considered as a biodiversity hotspot, hyena, gaur, Indian rock python and many more, of which several are threatened.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kodachadri seems to have attracted the attention of humankind since early prehistory. Several monolithic structures or menhirs were built here in prehistoric times. Rocks with dimensions greater than 12 feet were used in their construction. These large structure can be found just 20 Kilometers outside of Nagara-Nilsakal. A temple dedicated to the Ancient Mother Goddess Mookambika is located near the top of the peak. The temple is a popular destination for Hindu pilgrims and it is said to stand where thousands of years ago Mookambika fought and killed the demon Mookasura. In Historic times, people used to trek from Nagara state, a nearby place and Europeans trekked to the peak during 19th Century. Lewin Bentham Bowring, who served as Commissioner of Mysore between 1862 and 1870, records that Kodachadri is "clothed with splendid forests, and the ascent is very steep indeed in one place near foot....The view from the top of the hill, which has a bluff appearance from the distance, though it is as sharp as a knife in reality, is very fine, commanding a long stretch of great Ghat range, a considerable portion of Canara (Kanara), and a wide view over Malnad". He further records that, Kodachadri is visible from Merti Peak near Sringeri.</p><br>
<p>Kodachadri is visited by locals and Keralites in large numbers since long time. Sage Adi Shankara is said to have visited this place, meditated here and he also established a temple at Kollur. A small temple called Sarvajnapeetha, built with stone is dedicated to Adi Shankara at the top of Kodachadri. Some of the pilgrims from South Indian states who visit Kollur take a trek to Kodachadri also. Dr. K. Shivarama Karantha, noted writer of Udupi District trekked to Kodachadri in 1940s and appreciated the natural beauty of this place by placing Kodachadri as most beautiful of three mountain peaks of coastal Karnataka (the other two being Kuduremukh and Kumara Parvata).</p><br>
<h2>Forests</h2><br>
<p>The Shola Forests and thick forest cover Kodachadri and the nearby hills and the place has a cool and beautiful landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Iron ore</h2><br>
<p>Kodachadri hill contains iron ore in its soil and test digging was also done here during 20th century and it was identified that the stones found here have magnetic properties. However commercial mining in large scale did not take place at Kodachadri, though there are efforts to lease out the surrounding hills to mining companies to mine manganese and iron and local people have strongly opposed such a move in view of possible environmental damage.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<h3>Sarvajna peetha</h3><br>
<p>Sarvajna Peeth is a small temple like structure near the peak where Adi Shankara meditated. This small structure bears a name which is similar to Sarvajñapīṭha, also called Sharada Peeth of Jammu and Kashmir. which was visited by Adi Shankara during his long spiritual journey, where he defeated other scholars in philosophical debate and opened the southern door of the temple. Another temple is located near travellers&#39; bungalow and is believed to be the moola sthana (the origin) of Sri Mookambika Devi. From this spot, it is a 2 km trek to the peak. Just below the peak, an almost vertical path leads to a small cave called Chitramoola, from where the Mookambika temple of Kollur is visible.</p><br>
<h3>Ganesha Guha</h3><br>
<p>Ganesha Guha is near the trekking path to Sarvajna peetha.</p><br>
<h3>Iron Pillar</h3><br>
<p>One iron pillar of about 40 feet length is planted erect in front of Moola Mookambika Temple near peak of Kodachadri and it is compared with massive similar historic iron pillars located at Dhar, Mount Abu etc. It is also found to be less affected by corrosion, despite of humid conditions prevailing there due to heavy rains.</p><br>
<h3>Hidlumane Falls</h3><br>
<p>Around 5 km from Kodachadri is Hidlumane Waterfalls and it can be reached by trekking on a bridle path, which involves a little adventurous trekking.</p><br>
<h3>Arasinagundi fallse</h3><br>
<p>Another water falls in deep forest is Arasinagundi falls which 6 km from Kollur, at the bottom of Kodachadri near Dhalli village.</p><br>
<h3>Belakallu theertha</h3><br>
<p>One more waterfalls called Belakallu theertha is located near Mudur, Jadkal (and 15 km from Kollur) and at the bottom of Kodachadri on southern side and involves easy trekking to reach.</p><br>
<h3>Nagara fort</h3><br>
<p>Nagara Fort is around 25 km from Kodachadri where an old fort built during 18th Century is located and the landscape created out of backwaters of Linganamakki Dam on Sharavathi River surrounds Nagara town.</p><br>
<h3>Sunset</h3><br>
<p>The sunset watched from Kodachadri peak on a clear day is an enchanting experience. The Arabian Sea is visible from the peak on a cloudless day and sun literally goes down into the sea and due to the proximity to sea, the shape of golden sun changes every minute. At the beginning it looks like an inverted pot, then like a vessel, a hat, a ring with double edges and so many shapes are visible which is an interesting sight. The sunrise is also seen from another hillock behind the Tourist Bungalow is also beautiful and the hillock is called Venkatarayana Durga, with some remote connection to some Palegara Kings who ruled the surrounding places. During sunrise, the plateau below is usually covered with mist and it looks like a vast sea of curd with some high peaks peeping out of the misty plateau.</p><br>
<h2>Trekking in Kodachadri</h2><br>
<p>Trekking to Kodachadri peak starts from Nagodi village or Nittur, Shivamogga village which are located at the base of Kodachadri. Tented overnight Camping and Camp fire is strictly not allowed since January 2015, Once you enter the check Post in the foothill as this comes under the Forest Department, Govt. of Karnataka (Liquor will be detained at the Check Post). However, in case you need to spend a night on top you have inspection bungalow maintained by the government of Karnataka and a temple priest&#39;s house, with simple food on request. There is little other accommodation at Kodachadri. Kollur (21 km) has several guest houses and lodges as well as homestay accommodations. The nearest city, Kundapura, has good lodging accommodations. Best time to trek would be post monsoon, between September and March. It is recommended to avoid jeep trails during trekking, as the road normally experiences heavy vehicular traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>From Bangalore, one has to go to Shivamogga (285 km) and from there, one can take public transport to reach Nagodi village (Hosanagara Taluk). From Udupi, it is three hours journey to Nagodi village, from where trekking starts.</p><br>
<p>Kodachadri peak is connected with an all rough jeep road (partially metalled) on which only jeeps can travel. As this hilly road is not maintained properly, only expert local jeep drivers can take the jeep to the top. Jeeps are available for hire at Kollur and at Kattinahole village near Kodachadri base. Motorcycle riding on this highly uneven, steep, mud track with sharp hairpin curves with gradients, may be challenging and risky. However, Government departments have commenced construction of a quality road to top, after a stay (by private tourist operators) opposing construction of road is vacated(during 2011) and this proposed work includes overall development of Kodachadri area. Kundapur and Bhatkal are the nearest major railway stations which is in Mangalore-Mumbai Konkan railway route.</p><br>
<p>The Basilica of Saint Mary is a Roman Catholic minor basilica located on its own city block along Hennepin Avenue between 16th & 17th Streets in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the first basilica established in the United States. The Basilica of Saint Mary is the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Basilica of Saint Mary replaced a previous church, the Church of the Immaculate Conception. It was originally built in 1871, located at 3rd Street and 3rd Avenue North, but the expanding warehouse district was engulfing the church property. Archbishop John Ireland announced plans for a new Church of the Immaculate Conception on Christmas Day, 1903. In 1905, Lawrence S. Donaldson donated a one-block parcel on Hennepin Avenue near Loring Park for the new church buildings. The design was awarded to Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, the designer of the Cathedral of Saint Paul. Masqueray designed it in a Beaux-Arts style. The groundbreaking was held on August 7, 1907, with foundation construction continuing through May 1908. The cornerstone was laid on May 31, 1908, with a ceremony involving 30,000 Catholics, twenty bishops, 300 priests and seminarians from the Saint Paul Seminary, and 500 cadets from the College of Saint Thomas. As construction on the Basilica and the St. Paul Cathedral progressed, Masqueray&#39;s architectural genius attracted attention. American Architect magazine commented, "The two Catholic Cathedrals will be -- when completed, noteworthy achievements in church building for any period; in extent and splendor they promise to surpass anything yet attempted in ecclesiastical work in the United States."</p><br>
<p>Civic dedication of the church took place on November 4, 1913, and the church was informally opened on May 31, 1914. It was informally referred to as the Pro-Cathedral of the archdiocese from its beginning, but the parish was still officially named the Church of the Immaculate Conception until September 21, 1921. It was formally named the Procathedral of Saint Mary at that time. Although the building was open for worship in 1914, the interior decoration, windows, and plaster work were not completed until 1925. It was established as a minor basilica by Pope Pius XI in 1926, making it the first basilica in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1941 the basilica was formally consecrated by Archbishop Dennis Dougherty of Philadelphia as part of the Ninth National Eucharistic Congress (which was taking place in Minneapolis and St. Paul at the time).</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Its significance is due to three reasons: its excellent architecture and engineering design, as an expression of Baroque influence in church architecture; an example of the history of religious movements in Minnesota; and its place as the first basilica in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The foundation of the church is of Rockville granite. The walls are built of white Vermont granite, with a height of 70 ft from the floor to the eave-line. The main entrance is a colonnaded portico with two 116 ft spires on each side. The nave is lighted by five large arched stained glass windows. The nave has a barrel vault of 82 ft, exceeding that of the St. Peter&#39;s Basilica by two feet. The sanctuary, at the north end of the nave, is topped with a grand dome measuring 40 ft&sup2; at the base and rising 138 ft above the floor. Above the dome is a flesche or lantern topped with a bronze cross, measuring another 62 ft, making the total height 200 ft above floor level. The marble altar is located underneath a 50 ft marble-columned baldacchino.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 its old copper roof was replaced, stopping the water leaks and damage and that were occurring. In 2011, after being named one of 25 Twin City finalists, the building was the recipient of a $100,000 preservation grant from Partners in Preservation, chosen through a public vote; the funds were used to repair the narthex and sacristy of the Basilica, and help restore the paint and gold leaf found throughout the structure.</p><br>
<h2>Venue</h2><br>
<p>Since 1995, the site has been the venue for the Basilica Block Party weekend music festival. Proceeds have gone toward repairing the aging structure and assisting the needs of poor families in the area. The Basilica also hosts the Minnesota Sinfonia, a professional non-profit orchestra, for their winter classical concert series. Concerts are always free to the public and are funded by grant makers, corporations, and individual contributions.</p><br>
<p>DeLaSalle High School uses the church for its commencement ceremonies every spring.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>The Basilica Cathedral Choir, a 90-voice auditioned, volunteer choir provides choral music on Sunday for the 9:30am Mass as well as on Holy Days of Obligation. The Basilica Cathedral Choir sings repertoire spanning a wide range of genres and covering many centuries. Music for vespers, confirmations, and special services is provided by the Schola Cantorum, a 12-voice professional choir.</p><br>
<p>The present Basilica organ was installed in 1949 as Wicks Opus No. 3047. The instrument includes several stops that were scaled and designed by Henry Vincent Willis IV of England as one of a few larger Wicks instruments installed throughout the United States in the 1930s and 1940s. After undergoing a complete renovation in Winter, 2008, including an entirely new relay and console, the organ now consists of 82 ranks on 4 manuals and pedal. The en-chamade Herald Trumpet is actually tuba-scale and modeled after the English town hall Willis tubas. Voiced on 25&#39; wind, it is the most commanding such stop in the Upper Midwest.</p><br>
<p>Since 1996, the Basilica has hosted a variety of artists and musical ensembles through its artist-in-residence program. As of 2015, the following musical entities were in residence:</p><br>
<p>Director of Music Teri Larson</p><br>
<p>Composer Donald Krusback</p><br>
<p>The Basilica Brass Ensemble</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Sinfonia</p><br>
<p>The Rose Ensemble</p><br>
<h3>Basilica Block Party</h3><br>
<p>Minneapolis (1995 - present)</p><br>
<p>The Basilica Block Party is an annual music festival held at the Basilica of Saint Mary in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was first held in 1995 and drew more than 15,000 people, raising over $100,000. Proceeds from the event are put towards the maintenance and restoration of the Basilica. Attendance numbers have grown to more than 25,000 people who gather annually in the presence of the historic Basilica of Saint Mary.</p><br>
<p>The Arcade in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, is a Victorian-era structure of two nine-story buildings, joined by a five-story arcade with a glass skylight spanning over 300 feet , along the four balconies.</p><br>
<p>Encyclopedia of Cleveland History,</p><br>
<p>Case Western Reserve University, 10 July 1997.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1890, at a cost of $867,000, the Arcade opened on Memorial Day (May 30, 1890), and is identified as one of the earliest indoor shopping malls in the United States. The Arcade was modified in 1939, remodeling the Euclid Avenue entrance and adding some structural support.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Arcade was built in 1890 by Detroit Bridge Co., run by Stephen V. Harkness. Designed by John Eisenmann and George H. Smith, the Arcade is one of the few remaining arcades of its kind in the United States. Modeled after the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II located in Milan, the Arcade comprises two nine-story towers with a skylight, 100 feet (30 m) high, made of 1,800 panes of glass spanning over 300 feet (91 m). The construction was financed by John D. Rockefeller, Marcus Hanna, Charles F. Brush and several other wealthy Clevelanders of the day.</p><br>
<p>The Arcade is a cross between a lighted court and a commercial shopping street. The building is a complex of three structures: two nine-story office buildings facing out to Euclid and Superior Avenues, connected via the five-story iron-and-glass-enclosed arcade. The Richardsonian arched entrance along Superior Avenue is original, but the Euclid Avenue front was remodeled in 1939 by the firm of Walker and Weeks. The level of the Superior Avenue entrance is about 12 ft lower than the Euclid entrance, so that there are two bottom arcade floors, joined by staircases at each end. Since Euclid and Superior avenues are not parallel, a passage leads, at a 23-degree angle, off the Euclid entrance to a rotunda at the southern end of the Arcade. The arcade itself is a 300 ft-long covered light court, ringed by four levels of balconies, which step back above the Euclid Avenue level. The vertical lines of the columns, rising nearly 100 feet (33 m) to the glass roof, create a spacious domed interior.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the Hyatt corporation redeveloped the Arcade into Clevelands first Hyatt Regency hotel. The Hyatt Regency occupies the two towers and the top three floors of the atrium area. The two lower floors of the atrium area remain open to the public with retail merchants and a food court. In addition, the Hyatts lobby and offices are located near the Superior Avenue entrance. That same year, the skylight was also replaced.</p><br>
<p>Scone Palace is a Category A listed historic house and 5 star tourism attraction near the village of Scone and the city of Perth, Scotland. Built of red sandstone with a castellated roof, it is one of the finest examples of late Georgian Gothic style in the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>A place steeped in history, Scone was originally the site of an early Christian church, and later an Augustinian priory. In the 12th century, Scone Priory was granted abbey status and as a result an Abbots residence – an Abbots Palace – was constructed. It is for this reason (Scone&#39;s status as an abbey) that the current structure retains the name "Palace". Scone Abbey was severely damaged in 1559 during the Scottish Reformation after a mob whipped up by the famous reformer, John Knox, came to Scone from Dundee. Having survived the Reformation, the Abbey in 1600 became a secular Lordship (and home) within the parish of Scone, Scotland. The Palace has thus been home to the Earls of Mansfield for over 400 years. During the early 19th century the Palace was enlarged by the architect William Atkinson. In 1802, David William Murray, 3rd Earl of Mansfield, commissioned Atkinson to extend the Palace, recasting the late 16th-century Palace of Scone. The 3rd Earl tasked Atkinson with updating the old Palace whilst maintaining characteristics of the medieval Gothic abbey buildings it was built upon, with the majority of work finished by 1808.</p><br>
<p>Landscaping work around the Palace was undertaken by John Claudius Loudon. Loudon was, similarly to Atkinson, tasked with designing a landscape to remain in keeping with, as well as highlighting, the historic significance of Scone. Scone was for nearly 1000 years the crowning-place of Scottish kings and the home of the Stone of Scone. It is a site of immense historic significance. Further work was undertaken in 1842 to make Scone Palace ready for the visit of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. The vast majority of this work was to the interior decor although did include the provision of running water a huge cost to the Earl. Many of the original early 19th century interior designs survive, including several ornately carved and vaulted ceilings.</p><br>
<p>Scone Palace is a 5-star tourism attraction. The State Rooms are open each year from April till the end of September. It is possible for groups to organize visits during the winter months. The Palace grounds are also open to the public. The gardens include the famous David Douglas Pinetum plus a star-shaped maze. The Palace also hosts multiple outdoor events including the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust&#39;s Scottish Game Fair, Rewind Festival, and the Farming of Yesteryear among many others.</p><br>
<h2>History of Scone</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory and Tradition</h3><br>
<p>The history of Scone is shrouded in myth and legend. Scotland, sitting on the edge of Europe, was one of the last kingdoms to adopt and benefit from the written word and the legal system it upheld. In fact it was only at the end of the 11th century that Scotland saw a growth of record keeping, with property rights logged via legal charter and royal government practice routinely noted in writing. It is likely that there were a few documents written before the 11th century, however, Scotlands particularly turbulent history is likely to have been witness to the loss or destruction of many documents. The first piece of hard evidence that we have relating to Scone is a charter dating to 906. This date could represent the period in which Scone first came to prominence as a center of power and government, or it could simply be the first concrete date we have in what is actually a much longer history. Many historians writing previously to the 20th century have suggested without any (unless it was subsequently lost) decent evidence that Scones history was not just "post" but in some cases even "pre-Roman". Modern historians for this very reason are very non-committal regarding the early history of Scone as there is simply too much doubt and very little evidence.</p><br>
<h3>The Naming of Scone</h3><br>
<p>It is not known why exactly the area is called "Scone" (pronounced "Scoon"). The search for a meaning to the word has not been helped by the fact that throughout the last 10 centuries, Scone has been written as Scon, Scoon, Scoan, Scoine, Schone, Skoon, Skune, Skuyn, Skuyne, Sgoin, Sgàin and Sgoinde. It is difficult thus to know where to start in terms of the etymology of Scone. We know that Scone was at the heart of the ancient Pictish kingdom and thus one would think that the name would derive from the Pictish language. The existence of a distinct Pictish language during the Early Middle Ages is attested clearly in Blessed Bedes early 8th century Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, which names Pictish as a language distinct from that spoken by the Britons, the Irish, and the English. Bede states that Columba, a Gael, used an interpreter during his mission to the Picts. The problem is that no record of written Pictish has ever been found. Given Bedes description of Columbas encounter with the Picts; for many years it was thought that the Picts spoke an ancient Pre-Indo-European language, a relic of the Bronze Age. Contemporary historians, however, believe that the Pictish language in fact had Celtic origins. The inhabitants of Britain that the Romans fought, and in part subjugated, spoke various dialects of Celtic: P-Celtic Brittonic and Q-Celtic Goidelic. Scottish Gaelic, a language still spoken by thousands of people in the west of Scotland, stems from the Q-Celtic language. It is easy to mistakenly conclude that Scottish Gaelic and Pictish must have both derived singularly from the ancient Q-Celtic language and thus that the place name "Scone" has Gaelic origins. This theory was popularized by 19th century historians and through persistent folklore. Many contemporary historians, however, now believe that Pictish was a northerly dialect of the P-Celtic Brittonic languages and thus related to the Cumbric (Cumbrian) and Welsh languages, and less so to the Irish Q-Celtic language. The mistaken 19th century historians may have been led astray by the fact that Scottish Gaelic, a Q-Celtic dialect, adopted many Pictish (Brittonic) words and much of the P-Celtic syntax and grammar. It is likely that Scone came to prominence prior to the gaelicization of Pictavia, the ancient Pictish kingdom, in the 9th century. Scones pre-Gaelic prominence suggests that the name "Scone" has evolved out of a Brittonic influenced Pictish language.</p><br>
<p>It was thus believed that "Scone" derives from the P-Celtic word "Sken" meaning "cut" or "cutting". This has been gaelicized as "Sgàin" (pronounced "Skene"). And may be a fine example of the amalgamation of the Pictish and Gaelic cultures and languages. The Brittonic origin of the place name "Scone" is of great importance regarding the history and status of the place, and may explain why the famous Kenneth MacAlpin, first King of Scots, chose Scone as his capital. If the place name, "Scone", was indeed Gaelic in origin and thus post-dating Kenneth MacAlpins seizure of power in 843; then it would be safe to say that Scones rise to prominence was from 843 onwards. Given that the origin of the name "Scone" is most likely not Gaelic, then it suggests that both the origin of the place and name of "Scone" is Pictish</p><br>
<p>The meaning "cutting" could relate to what is now known as "the Friars Den". The Gaelic origin of the place name "Scone", if not entirely discredited, is rendered more unlikely by modern analysis of place names in the east of Scotland where Scone is situated. Such analysis supports the above argument that an Insular Celtic language related to the more southerly P-Celtic Brittonic languages was formerly spoken in Pictavia (and thus not a Q-Celtic language).</p><br>
<h3>The Ancient Kingdom of Scone</h3><br>
<p>Scone was from at least the 9th century the crowning-place of the Kings of Scots and home to the Stone of Scone, more commonly referred to as the Stone of Destiny. Kenneth MacAlpin (traditionally known as the first King of Scots), Shakespeare&#39;s Macbeth, Robert the Bruce, and Charles II number amongst the 38 kings of Scots inaugurated and crowned at Scone. It was believed that no king had a right to reign as king of Scots unless he had first been crowned at Scone upon the Stone of Scone. In the Middle Ages, the land was the site of a major Augustinian abbey, Scone Abbey, nothing of which now remains above ground level except detached architectural fragments. Scone was also the site of the first Parliament of Scotland, or Council/Assembly. King Constantine II in 906 called for an assembly to meet at Scone. The assembly was recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba; Alba being the early name for the early medieval Kingdom of Scotland. The Chronicle records that:King Constantine and Bishop Cellach met at the Hill of Belief near the Royal City of Scone and pledged themselves that the laws and disciplines of the faith, and the laws of churches and gospels, should be kept pariter cum Scottis.</p><br>
<p>Scone was thus the centre of power in the ancient Kingdom of Alba, doubling up as the site of both Scottish coronations and parliaments. Further to this in medieval times Scone acted as a royal residence and hunting ground. Robert II would have spent most of his life calling Scone home. He was eventually laid to rest in the Abbey itself, although his grave has never been located. A popular old saying suggests the significance of Scones status in the Kingdom of Albas, and later Scotland&#39;s, governance and rule:As the Bell of Scone rang, So mote it be.</p><br>
<p>This saying has often been re-quoted as "When the Bell of Scone tolls, the law of the land has been made". It is a statement of the great significance of the ceremonies held at Scone, and the judgments made from a top the Moot Hill. It is old sayings like this which frustrated historians, as the sayings clearly detail Scones important role in Scottish history, and most interestingly in the early formation of the Scottish nation. The primary source of much of Scones early history and modern reputation is reliant upon Scottish folklore. An example of another piece of Scottish folklore which reminds us of Scone&#39;s position as the premier seat of power in the evolving early medieval Scottish nation is the Gaelic:Comhairle clag Sgàin: An rud nach buin duit na bean dà.</p><br>
<p>"Counsel of the bell of Scone, Touch not what is not thine own."</p><br>
<p>In Gaelic poetry Scone&#39;s association more specifically with kings and king-making gave it various poetic epithets, for instance, Scoine sciath-airde, meaning "Scone of the High Shields", and Scoine sciath-bhinne, meaning "Scone of the Noisy Shields". The "Noisy Shields" here refer to a folkloric ceremony in which magnates would gather at Scone for a Council. As they entered the Great Hall each magnate in turn would hang their shield displaying their Coats of Arms on the walls before beating their weapons against them.</p><br>
<p>The mons placiti or Scone Moot Hill is the inauguration site of the Scottish Kings. It is also called Boot Hill, possibly from an ancient tradition whereby nobles swore fealty to their king whilst wearing the earth of their own lands in their foot-bindings or boots, or even by standing upon the earth that they had brought with them from their respective homelands (carrying the soil in their boots). The tradition being that the Moot Hill, or rather Boot Hill, came into being as a result of this tradition of nobles bring a piece of their own lands to Scone. The kings of Scots, themselves inaugurated upon the Moot Hill, were thus making during these ceremonies a hugely symbolic commitment to the people of Scotland, the Scots. This commitment was made from atop a hill which, if one believes the tradition, represented all parts of the kingdom of Scots and thus allowed the King to make his oaths whilst standing symbolically upon all of Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>Scone Abbey</h2><br>
<p>Scone was an ancient gathering place of the Picts, and was probably the site of an early Christian church. The place of coronation was called Caislean Credi, Hill of Credulity, which survives as the present Moot Hill. In the Middle Ages the mound was marked with a stone cross, but this disappeared probably during the Scottish Reformation in 1559, when the Abbey buildings were sacked by a mob from Dundee and led by John Knox.</p><br>
<p>From 1114 to 1559, Scone was one of Scotlands major monasteries and later abbeys. It is often said to have been founded by King Alexander I. It is more likely the case that the monasterys status was formalised as a result of King Alexander Is charter. A representation of the church on the Abbeys seal, and some surviving architectural fragments, show that it was built in the Romanesque style, with a central tower crowned with a spire. Between 1284 and 1402 Scone Abbey (sometimes referred to as the Palace of the Abbots) often served to house the Parliament of Scotland.</p><br>
<p>Alexander II and Alexander III, both crowned at Scone, ruled from 1214 to 1286. For centuries the greatest treasure at Scone was the Stone of Scone upon which the early Kings of Scotland were crowned. When Edward I of England carried off the Stone of Scone to Westminster Abbey in 1296, the Coronation Chair that still stands in the abbey was specially made to fit over it. Robert the Bruce was crowned at Scone in 1306 and the last coronation was of Charles II, when he accepted the Scottish crown in 1651. The Stone of Scone is now in Edinburgh Castle (Historic Scotland) along with the Scottish regalia.</p><br>
<p>Scone Abbey flourished for over four hundred years. In 1559, it fell victim to a mob from Dundee during the early days of the Reformation and was largely destroyed. In 1580 the abbey estates were granted to Lord Ruthven, later the Earl of Gowrie, who held estates around what is now called Huntingtower Castle. The Ruthvens rebuilt the Abbots Palace of the old abbey as a grand residence. In 1600, James VI charged the family with treason and their estates at Scone were passed to Sir David Murray of Gospetrie, 1st Lord Scone, one of James most loyal followers.</p><br>
<p>In 1604, the Palace of Scone was the family seat of the Murrays of Scone and the 1st Lord Scone. These Murrays were a branch of the Murrays of Tullibardine (later Atholl), whose original family seat was Balvaird Castle in Fife.</p><br>
<h2>The Modern Palace</h2><br>
<p>Neo-gothic in style, the Palace that can be visited today was finished in 1808.</p><br>
<p>Presently on view in the State Rooms of Scone Palace are fine collections of furniture, ceramics, ivories, and clocks. Some of the prized contents of Scone Palace are Rococo chairs by Pierre Bara, further items by Robert Adam and Chippendale, Dresden and Sèvres porcelains, as well as the truly unique collection of Vernee Martin vases and a Reisener writing desk given to David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield by Marie-Antoinette. The collection at Scone Palace also includes a fantastic range of Scottish and British portraiture including works by Reynolds, Ramsay, and de Lazlo. There is also the famous piece of Scottish art by Sir David Wilkie called the Village Politicians which was commissioned and bought by David Murray, 3rd Earl of Mansfield. There are further pictures by David Teniers and the famous Zoffany depicting the mulatto Dido Elizabeth Belle and her cousin Lady Elizabeth Murray; both great niece&#39;s of the famous judge, William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield.</p><br>
<p>The Lennox Room, named after the Duke of Lennox, is rich in pieces with Royal connections including the bed-hanging made by Mary Queen of Scots during her imprisonment in Loch Leven Castle, a gateleg oak table said to have belonged to King James VI, and an oak armchair used by Charles II for his coronation. Plus a portrait of the Rev. Andrew Murray, 1st Lord Balvaird.</p><br>
<p>The fabulous collection of large European ivories came from Bavaria, Italy and France. They were carved in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries in elephant and walrus tusk, and collected mainly by William David Murray, 4th Earl of Mansfield. They are arranged around the Dining Room of the Palace.</p><br>
<p>The gardens and grounds are also open to the public. The grounds of Scone Palace feature the Moot Hill, the crowning place of the kings of Scots. A replica of the Stone of Scone sits upon the Moot Hill in front of a 17th-century chapel containing a fine monument dedicated to David Murray of Gospertie, 1st Lord Scone by the Flemish sculpture Maximilian Colt. Another attraction in the grounds and gardens is the Murray Star shaped maze. The maze was inspired by the heraldic arms of the Murrays of Scone - an azure (blue) background with three stars argent (silver).</p><br>
<p>There are fine woodlands in the grounds and policies of Scone Palace, some of the fir trees being at least 250 years old. The grounds of the Palace were the first place of introduction to Britain of the Douglas fir tree species, after being introduced by David Douglas. Douglas was a son of Scone and worked as a gardener and forester for the Earl of Mansfield before embarking upon his botanical career. The first Douglas fir still stands in the grounds today.</p><br>
<p>Scone has a special relationship with trees due to the life of the famous botanist David Douglas. Douglas introduced the Douglas Fir to Europe and Scotland.</p><br>
<p>A number of peacocks roam the grounds, including several albino males.</p><br>
<p>Nashville City Cemetery is the oldest public cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee. Many of Nashville&#39;s prominent historical figures are buried there. It includes the tombs of 22,000 people, 6,000 of whom were African Americans.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Nashville City Cemetery was opened on January 1, 1822. By 1850, over 11,000 people were buried there. In 1958, Nashville Mayor Ben West led an effort to restore and preserve the cemetery. In 1972, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its historical and architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>Among those interred in the cemetery are two of Nashville&#39;s founders, four Confederate generals, one Tennessee Governor, and twenty-two mayors of Nashville. Also buried there are numerous soldiers, schoolteachers, former slaves, early civic leaders, and other interesting citizens of Nashville. By 2017, the cemetery included the tombs of approximately 22,000 people, 6,000 of which were African Americans. On March 4, 2017, Elias Polk and Matilda Polk, two slaves who belonged to President James K. Polk, had their tombstones replaced as part of an effort to recognize more African-Americans buried at the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Nashville City Cemetery is located near downtown Nashville at 1001 4th Avenue South.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buried</h2><br>
<p>Samuel R. Anderson &ndash; Confederate brigadier general in the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Gen. Felix Kirk Zollicoffer (1812-1862) – Confederate general, USA Congressman, Journalist, Tennessee militiaman.</p><br>
<p>Washington Barrow &ndash; USA Charges d&#39;Affaires to Portugal; USA Congressman from 1847-49.</p><br>
<p>William Carroll &ndash; Governor of Tennessee from 1821 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1835.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Claiborne &ndash; USA Congressional Representative from 1817 to 1819.</p><br>
<p>William Driver &ndash; coined the name Old Glory for the USA flag in 1831.</p><br>
<p>Francis Fogg &ndash; developed Nashville’s public school system in 1852.</p><br>
<p>Harlan Howard (1927–2002), a prolific American songwriter, principally in country music.</p><br>
<p>Mabel Imes and Ella Sheppard &ndash; two of the original Fisk Jubilee Singers.</p><br>
<p>Lt. Lipscomb Norvell &ndash; Revolutionary War Soldier and father of US Senator John Norvell.</p><br>
<p>John Patton Erwin (1795-1857), Mayor of Nashville from 1821 to 1822, and from 1834 to 1835.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Porter (1785-1844), USA Senator who represented Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Felix Robertson (1781–1865), Mayor of Nashville from 1818 to 1819, and from 1827–1829.</p><br>
<p>Anne Robertson Johnson Cockrill (1757-1821), pioneer.</p><br>
<p>James Robertson and his wife, Charlotte Robertson &ndash; two of the founders of Nashville (then called Fort Nashborough)</p><br>
<p>Wilkins F. Tannehill (1787-1858), Mayor of Nashville from 1825 to 1827.</p><br>
<p>Charles Clay Trabue (1798-1851), member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 1824 to 1828 and Mayor of Nashville from 1839 to 1841.</p><br>
